很多科学家认为,维C等抗氧化剂能够阻止肿瘤生长的原因在于,它们能够夺取不稳定的氧自由基分子以避免它们对人体DNA造成伤害。然而,美国约翰霍普金斯大学研究人员的最新一项研究表明,抗氧化剂的真正作用有可能在于减弱肿瘤在缺氧条件下的生存能力。相关论文9月11日发表于《癌细胞》(Cancer Cell)上。
该项研究由约翰霍普金斯大学的肿瘤学教授Chi Dang领导完成。他和同事将人类淋巴瘤细胞或肝癌细胞植入小鼠体内,这两种癌细胞能产生大量自由基,而给小鼠体内补充维C或N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)等抗氧化剂能够抑制这些自由基的产生。
研究人员随后检测了没有喂食抗氧化剂的小鼠的癌细胞情况,结果并没有发现明显的DNA损伤。论文第一作者Ping Gao认为,如果DNA损伤并不是导致癌症的原因,那么抗氧化剂所发挥的作用也应该与DNA损伤无关。
据此,研究人员怀疑这里面一定包含着不同的机制。他们将目标锁定在一种特殊的蛋白上,这种蛋白依赖一种名为阻止缺氧诱导因子(HIF-1)的自由基。他们发现这种蛋白在小鼠未曾处理过的癌细胞中含量丰富,而在用维C处理过的细胞中则踪影全无。
Dang解释说,当细胞缺氧的时候,HIF-1会进行补偿。它能帮助缺氧细胞在无氧条件下将糖转变成能量,并发起建造新的血管以补充新鲜氧。
一些快速生长的肿瘤会消耗足够多的能量,从而轻易地就将附近的氧消耗殆尽,这时HIF-1对于它们的继续存活就显得至关重要。但是HIF-1只有在有大量自由基存在的情况下才能发挥作用,一旦抗氧化剂抑制了自由基的产生,它就能阻止HIF-1发挥作用,从而抑制了肿瘤的生长。
研究人员用另外的实验证实了这种依赖HIF-1的蛋白的重要性,他们制造了含有遗传变异型HIF-1的癌细胞,这种变异型HIF-1不再需要自由基就能发挥作用。结果发现,在这样的癌细胞中,抗氧化剂不再具有抑制肿瘤生长的能力。
对于此次研究的意义,Dang表示,抗氧化剂这种潜在的抗癌作用已经成为许多临床和潜伏期研究的驱动力,通过揭示抗氧化剂的作用机制,我们就能够将它的临床治疗功效达到最优。(科学网 梅进/编译)
原始出处:
Cancer Cell, Vol 12, 230-238, 11 September 2007
Article
HIF-Dependent Antitumorigenic Effect of Antioxidants In Vivo
Ping Gao,1 Huafeng Zhang,2,6 Ramani Dinavahi,1 Feng Li,1 Yan Xiang,1 Venu Raman,4,5 Zaver M. Bhujwalla,4,5 Dean W. Felsher,8 Linzhao Cheng,6 Jonathan Pevsner,3 Linda A. Lee,1 Gregg L. Semenza,1,2,4,6,7 and Chi V. Dang1,4,7,
1 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
2 Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
3 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
4 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
5 Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
6 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
7 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
8 Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Corresponding author
Chi V. Dang
cvdang@jhmi.edu
The antitumorigenic activity of antioxidants has been presumed to arise from their ability to squelch DNA damage and genomic instability mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we report that antioxidants inhibited three tumorigenic models in vivo. Inhibition of a MYC-dependent human B lymphoma model was unassociated with genomic instability but was linked to diminished hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 levels in a prolyl hydroxylase 2 and von Hippel-Lindau protein-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of an oxygen-independent, stabilized HIF-1 mutant rescued lymphoma xenografts from inhibition by two antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C. These findings challenge the paradigm that antioxidants diminish tumorigenesis primarily through decreasing DNA damage and mutations and provide significant support for a key antitumorigenic effect of diminishing HIF levels.