来自阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)核医学系、传染病及公众健康系等处的研究人员首次发现癌症可以通过靶向引发癌症的病毒得以成功治愈,这一研究成果公布在10月31日《公共科学图书馆·综合》(PLoS ONE)上,表明未来也许可以通过在被病毒侵染的细胞变成癌症细胞前消灭这些细胞来预防癌症的发生。
文章的第一作者是来自河北大学的访问学者王兴国博士(Xing-Guo Wang,音译)。
在这项研究中,爱因斯坦医学院研究人员利用了一种称为放射免疫治疗(radioimmunotherapy)的技术,这种方法中将放射性同位素被转载进抗体中,一旦这些制作精细的分子被注射入体内,一个特异性蛋白靶标的抗体簇,和这些同位素“弹头”就会摧毁这种蛋白所在的细胞。在他们的研究中,靶标则是病毒抗原:病毒感染细胞后表达的蛋白会引起这些细胞失控性增值,从而变成具有侵染性的癌症细胞。
全球人类癌症的将近20%都是由已有病毒感染引起,最好的例子就是肝癌——由乙型病毒性肝炎(virus hepatitis type B)和丙型病毒性肝炎(virus hepatitis type C)引起,以及宫颈癌(cervical cancer)——由人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomaviruses)引起,还有某些淋巴瘤——由人类疱疹病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)引起。但是由于细胞表面的抗原易受到抗体的攻击,因此癌症病毒抗原可以隐藏在感染细胞中,从而科学家们假设抗体不能接触到这些抗原。
爱因斯坦医学院微生物与免疫学系教授Arturo Casadevall认为,“我们预测快速生长的肿瘤会出现血液供应不足的现象,导致肿瘤细胞死亡,将它们的病毒抗原散布在肝癌细胞中”,“因此我们希望通过将绑定有同位素的抗体注射入血液,这些血液就会携带这些抗体到肿瘤块中,与在上述情况下曝露出的抗原相互作用,其中的同位素放射出射线导致邻近的肿瘤细胞死亡。”
研究人员用小鼠实验验证了他们的构想:将同位素铼18(rhenium-18)黏附在单克隆抗体上,这些抗体能与所有宫颈癌细胞中表达的病毒抗原E6相互作用。同样他们也进行了肝癌的放射免疫方法实验——将铼18结合在抗HBx的抗体上(HBx是肝癌细胞中一种病毒抗原),之后这些携带了人类宫颈癌或肝癌的小鼠就可以进行实验了。
在这两种癌症类型中,比较于对照组(未进行治疗的小鼠),放射免疫疗法都极大的减缓了肿瘤的生长,而且对于宫颈癌小鼠,这种治疗不仅停止了肿瘤的生长,而且还有复原的现象。
爱因斯坦医学院微生物与免疫学系副教授Ekaterina Dadachova表示,“放射免疫疗法不仅能针对这些癌症,而且这种放射现象只发生在肿瘤块中,保护了正常组织不受损害”。经过7年的研究探索,Dadachova博士在侵染相应疾病的放射免疫疗法方面获得了许多经验,自2001年,通过进行了一系列的动物实验,他们成功的利用放射免疫疗法治疗了主要的真菌病原体新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans),以及一种引起肺炎的链球菌(streptococcal bacterium)。去年Dadachova博士与她的同事发现放射免疫疗法可以通过靶定HIV感染细胞表面的病毒蛋白中的一种铼帮助阻止HIV侵染。
Dadachova提出,“每一年病毒相关的癌症都能引起130万个癌症案例,因此我们急需一种有效的治疗新方法”,“我们的这一研究说明放射免疫疗法能治疗由于病毒引起的癌症,而且令人激动的是,这种方法还可以用于癌症预防,对于被hepatitis B或C,人乳头瘤病毒或其它已知引发癌症的病毒感染的慢性病人,放射免疫疗法能在它们转换成肿瘤细胞前消灭这些病毒感染细胞。”
原始出处:
Received: October 5, 2007; Accepted: October 10, 2007; Published: October 31, 2007
Treating Cancer as an Infectious Disease—Viral Antigens as Novel Targets for Treatment and Potential Prevention of Tumors of Viral Etiology
Xing Guo Wang1¤, Ekaterina Revskaya1, Ruth A. Bryan1, Howard D. Strickler2, Robert D. Burk2,3,4,5, Arturo Casadevall4,6#, Ekaterina Dadachova1,4*#
1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America, 6 Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
Background
Nearly 20% of human cancers worldwide have an infectious etiology with the most prominent examples being hepatitis B and C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and human papilloma virus-associated cervical cancer. There is an urgent need to find new approaches to treatment and prevention of virus-associated cancers.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Viral antigens have not been previously considered as targets for treatment or prevention of virus-associated cancers. We hypothesized that it was possible to treat experimental HPV16-associated cervical cancer (CC) and Hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by targeting viral antigens expressed on cancer cells with radiolabeled antibodies to viral antigens. Treatment of experimental CC and HCC tumors with 188Re-labeled mAbs to E6 and HBx viral proteins, respectively, resulted in significant and dose-dependent retardation of tumor growth in comparison with untreated mice or mice treated with unlabeled antibodies.
Conclusions/Significance
This strategy is fundamentally different from the prior uses of radioimmunotherapy in oncology, which targeted tumor-associated human antigens and promises increased specificity and minimal toxicity of treatment. It also raises an exciting possibility to prevent virus-associated cancers in chronically infected patients by eliminating cells infected with oncogenic viruses before they transform into cancer.