科学家研究发现一类蛋白“磁铁”将是阻止癌症向全身扩散的关键因素。英国癌症研究中心的一组科学家发现二种蛋白Tiam1和Src,其中Tiam1可以将其它一组蛋白吸附到自身,就像金属被吸附到磁铁上一样。而且,被吸附的这组蛋白还不会破坏Tiam1。因此,Tiam1成了防止细胞粘在一起的关键因素,从而破坏了癌细胞之间的连接,达到防止癌细胞随意扩散的目的。如今,科学家希望开发能防止破坏Tiam1毁灭的药物,从而可望阻止癌症扩散。
相反,另一种蛋白Src则具有Tiam1截然相反的作用,能导致细胞之间的连接瓦解,使细胞分散并自由迁移。这一过程出现在人体的正常发育和伤口的治愈上,但也出现在癌细胞全身扩散的过程中。科学家发现,Src蛋白的作用是将一种化学物吸附到细胞中的其它蛋白上,此过程叫磷酸化作用。此过程能导致其它蛋白的功能出现差异。
负责此项研究的英国曼彻斯特大学帕特森学院的安格利克·马利里博士说:“我们已经在这一过程上实现了关键性的突破,可以破坏癌细胞之间的连接。更重要的是,我们研究还显示阻碍Tiam1的毁灭能防止癌细胞转移和扩散。如果我们能模仿癌症患者体内的这种效应,我们就能重建正常细胞之间的连接,从而可望阻止癌症扩散。控制早期癌症的转移和扩散意味着癌症治愈的成功率更高。”
英国癌症研究中心癌症信息处的主任莱斯利?沃尔克博士说:“我们将看到如果此研究能开发出新药物来阻止癌症扩散,这将使我们更能了解癌症是如何扩散的。”
一些蛋白能帮助单个细胞和组织聚合在一起。Tiam1蛋白最初是在T细胞淋巴瘤细胞(T-lymphoma)中识别出来的,如今已经发现它在其它细胞中具有维持和确定邻近细胞连接类型的作用,叫黏着连接(adherens junction,AJ)。除其它蛋白之外,Tiam1在防止此连接接处细胞之间的连接方面起了关键作用。
科学家认为Src蛋白通过磷酸化作用导致黏着连接瓦解。于是,科学家在实验室里做细胞成长实验来验证其理论,最终,他们通过检查不同种类的人类癌症(包括肺癌、肠癌和颈癌)来查看这些组织中的Tiam1蛋白是否被酸化,这癌变组织中是否能发现活性的Src蛋白。结果发现,Src蛋白将磷酸化的集合附着在Tiam1蛋白的黏着连接上,触发黏着连接瓦解,导致细胞自由扩散。相关研究成果已经发表在最新一期的《分子细胞》杂志上。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Molecular Cell, 13 March 2009 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.02.012
Src-Induced Disassembly of Adherens Junctions Requires Localized Phosphorylation and Degradation of the Rac Activator Tiam1
Simon A. Woodcock1,Claire Rooney1,Michalis Liontos3,Yvonne Connolly2,Vassilis Zoumpourlis4,Anthony D. Whetton5,Vassilis G. Gorgoulis3andAngeliki Malliri1,,
1 Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
2 Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
3 Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11146, Greece
4 Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
5 Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4QL, UK
Summary
The Rac activator Tiam1 is required for adherens junction (AJ) maintenance, and its depletion results in AJ disassembly. Conversely, the oncoprotein Src potently induces AJ disassembly and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we show that Tiam1 is phosphorylated on Y384 by Src. This occurs predominantly at AJs, is required for Src-induced AJ disassembly and cell migration, and creates a docking site on Tiam1 for Grb2. We find that Tiam1 is associated with ERK. Following recruitment of the Grb2-Sos1 complex, ERK becomes activated and triggers the localized degradation of Tiam1 at AJs, likely involving calpain proteases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in human tumors, Y384 phosphorylation positively correlates with Src activity, and total Tiam1 levels are inversely correlated. Thus, our data implicate Tiam1 phosphorylation and consequent degradation in Src-mediated EMT and resultant cell motility and establish a paradigm for regulating local concentrations of Rho-GEFs.