来自美国国家健康研究院(NIH)科学家在小鼠实验中,成功发现了一种能有效抑制人的乳腺癌细胞生长的小分子RGS16,该发现对开发治疗乳腺癌的新方法和药物具有重要作用。相关研究成果发表在美国《生物化学杂志》上。
乳腺癌是一种女性常见的恶性肿瘤。20世纪90年代以来,乳腺癌的发病率在世界各地均有上升趋势,欧洲和北美有超过10%的妇女患有这种肿瘤。目前,治疗乳腺癌的主要方法是手术切除、放射和化学治疗。但是,对于已经转移了的乳腺癌病人,手术治疗不能根除。此外,放射和化学治疗对人体有很大的损伤和副作用。
长期以来,科学家们一直致力于研究新的乳腺癌治疗方法,例如基因或小分子疗法,这种治疗方法的突出优点是在晚期癌症的治疗中没有或只有轻微的副作用。
科学家的最新研究是利用病毒载体和转染技术把RGS16基因或者干扰RNA(siRNA) 导入人的癌细胞中,使RGS16蛋白的表达增强或抑制。然后,应用细胞荧光标记和细胞活力分析等手段,测定细胞的繁殖和增长速度。研究人员还通过免疫沉淀和免疫化学反应,探索RGS16所作用的生物信息链。
研究表明,RGS16是通过一种细胞生长因子(EGF)的信息链来调控乳腺癌细胞生长的。当EGF和它的细胞表面受体(EGFR)结合时,可导致一些蛋白激酶(例如Akt)的磷酸化。这些磷酸化激酶一方面促进癌细胞繁殖和生长,另一方面可以抑制癌细胞的凋亡,从而导致肿瘤形成。RGS16通过结合在EGFR复合体上,使得蛋白激酶的磷酸化被抑制,从而延缓了癌细胞生长。
大量试验证明,当RGS16基因表达加强时,乳腺癌细胞的生长得到延缓,并最后死亡。相反,如果RGS16基因表达被抑制,这种癌细胞会加快生长。这些成果表明,小分子RGS16很有可能成为治疗乳腺癌的新方法,对新的乳腺癌药物开发具有重要意义。对于开发用于人体的癌症治疗方法来说,RGS16应是安全和副作用小的选择。
目前研究人员正在应用小鼠做进一步研究。他们将人的乳腺癌细胞移植到小鼠体内,然后测定RGS16在肿瘤形成和生长上的作用,进一步探索RGS16调控肿瘤生长的分子机理。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐英文摘要:
JBC doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.028407
RGS16 Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Mitigating Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling*
Genqing Liang, Geetanjali Bansal1, Zhihui Xie and Kirk M. Druey2
Aberrant activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway supports growth of many tumors including those of breast, lung, and prostate. Resistance of breast cancer cells to targeted chemotherapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has been linked to persistent PI3K activity, which may in part be due to increased membrane expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors (HER2 and HER3). Recently we found that proteins of the RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) family suppress PI3K activity downstream of the receptor by sequestering its p85α subunit from signaling complexes. Because a substantial percentage of breast tumors have RGS16 mutations and reduced RGS16 protein expression, we investigated the link between regulation of PI3K activity by RGS16 and breast cancer cell growth. RGS16 overexpression in MCF7 breast cancer cells inhibited EGF-induced proliferation and Akt phosphorylation, whereas shRNA-mediated extinction of RGS16 augmented cell growth and resistance to TKI treatment. Exposure to TKI also reduced RGS16 expression in MCF7 and BT474 cell lines. RGS16 bound the amino-terminal SH2 and inter-SH2 domains of p85α and inhibited its interaction with the EGF receptor-associated adapter protein Gab1. These results suggest that the loss of RGS16 in some breast tumors enhances PI3K signaling elicited by growth factors and thereby promotes proliferation and TKI evasion downstream of HER activation.