美国芝加哥洛约拉大学医学研究人员日前表示,他们有望开发出能缩小皮肤癌肿瘤的药物,以此取代外科手术。药物的工作原理是开启癌症细胞中的蛋白激酶基因,防止皮肤细胞转变成癌细胞。有关研究发表在最新出版的《生物化学杂志》上。
美国每年经确诊的皮肤癌新患者在100万人以上。根据新近完成的研究,每年确诊的皮肤癌患者中,鳞状上皮癌患者的人数就有20万至30万。鳞状上皮癌始于表皮上部分,即皮肤最外层。患病处主要位于阳光照射较多的人体部位,如脸部、耳朵、颈部、嘴唇和手背。阳光能够伤害皮肤细胞的DNA。当DNA出现损伤时,蛋白激酶通常会被激活以修复损伤。然而,如果阳光造成的损伤过于严重而无法修复时,蛋白激酶就会指令细胞死亡。
健康的细胞按照细胞分裂周期生长和分裂。在分裂周期中的几个“检查点”上,细胞会停止生长和分裂,以便修复受损的DNA,然后再进入分裂周期的下一步。洛约拉大学斯特里奇医学院病理系教授米切尔·丹宁博士等人研究发现,负责让细胞在分裂前的“检查点”上停止生长和分裂的是蛋白激酶基因。在鳞状上皮癌细胞中,蛋白激酶基因被关闭,于是细胞不能在“检查点”正常地修复受损的DNA,而直接分裂产生新生的癌细胞。
目前有多种针对皮肤癌的外科手术疗法,其中包括简单切除、刮除术和冷冻手术。多数疗法的皮肤癌治愈率较高,但是病人需要经历痛苦的手术过程。此外,切除大面积的皮肤癌需要进行皮肤移植,留下的疤痕将损坏患者的外形。
丹宁表示,名为蛋白激酶抑制剂的这类药物有潜力通过重新打开蛋白激酶基因而缩小皮肤癌肿瘤。目前,美国食品和药物管理局已批准数种这类药物用于治疗其他的癌症。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
JBC 16, 2009, doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.055392
The Protein Kinase Cδ Catalytic Fragment Is Critical for Maintenance of the G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint*
Edward L. LaGory?§, Leonid A. Sitailo§? and Mitchell F. Denning?§?,1
From the ?Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Program, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy,
?Department of Pathology, and
§Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is an essential component of the intrinsic apoptotic program. Following DNA damage, such as exposure to UV radiation, PKCδ is cleaved in a caspase-dependent manner, generating a constitutively active catalytic fragment (PKCδ-cat), which is necessary and sufficient for keratinocyte apoptosis. We found that in addition to inducing apoptosis, expression of PKCδ-cat caused a pronounced G2/M cell cycle arrest in both primary human keratinocytes and immortalized HaCaT cells. Consistent with a G2/M arrest, PKCδ-cat induced phosphorylation of Cdk1 (Tyr15), a critical event in the G2/M checkpoint. Treatment with the ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine was unable to prevent PKCδ-cat-induced G2/M arrest, suggesting that PKCδ-cat is functioning downstream of ATM/ATR in the G2/M checkpoint. To better understand the role of PKCδ and PKCδ-cat in the cell cycle response to DNA damage, we exposed wild-type and PKCδ null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to UV radiation. Wild-type MEFs underwent a pronounced G2/M arrest, Cdk1 phosphorylation, and induction of apoptosis following UV exposure, whereas PKCδ null MEFs were resistant to these effects. Expression of PKCδ-green fluorescent protein, but not caspase-resistant or kinase-inactive PKCδ, was able to restore G2/M checkpoint integrity in PKCδ null MEFs. The function of PKCδ in the DNA damage-induced G2/M cell cycle checkpoint may be a critical component of its tumor suppressor function.