来自北京协和医学院/中国医学科学院基础医学研究所,厦门大学生科院,哈佛医学院等处的研究人员发现能导致肿瘤细胞发生有氧糖酵解的蛋白,帮助解开了肿瘤异常生长代谢之谜,也为治疗肿瘤提供了一种新策略。这一研究成果公布在《美国国家科学院院刊》(PNAS )杂志上。
文章的通讯作者是中国医学科学院基础医学研究所博士生导师张宏冰教授,以及厦门大学尤涵教授。张宏冰教授现任中国协和医科大学特聘教授, 博士生导师, 中国医学科学院组织工程研究中心客座教授,主要研究方向是肿瘤信号途径,抑癌基因等方面的研究。
肿瘤病人多伴随有能量消耗高、体重减轻等代谢紊乱现象。上世纪20年代,德国诺贝尔奖得主奥托·瓦伯格发现肿瘤组织的代谢明显增强,肿瘤细胞主要依赖糖酵解进行代谢,其耗糖速度远大于正常细胞。这一代谢特征究竟是癌症产生的原因还是癌细胞代谢改变的结果,则是长期困扰医学界的难题。
近年来,肿瘤代谢异常现象再次引起人们的重视,这种“瓦伯格效应”又开始成为肿瘤研究的焦点。哈佛大学科学家发现主要存在于肿瘤细胞的M2型丙酮酸激酶可促进肿瘤细胞“瓦伯格效应”的发生,并对肿瘤的形成和生长起着至关重要的作用,但是肿瘤细胞产生M2型丙酮酸激酶的诱因不甚清楚。
在这篇文章中,研究人员发现异常激活的雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通过诱导产生M2型丙酮酸激酶,从而导致肿瘤细胞发生有氧糖酵解。这一发现为治疗肿瘤提供了一种新策略。
张宏冰率领的团队长期从事雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路与肿瘤发生和治疗的研究。雷帕霉素靶蛋白作为一个细胞内承上启下的蛋白质激酶枢纽,主要通过整合生长因子和营养信号来调节细胞生长。多种原癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活突变后会导致这条信号通路的调节失控、过度活化,从而引起各种疾病,尤其是肿瘤的发生。
他们研究发现,雷帕霉素靶蛋白功能亢进是导致肿瘤细胞发生“瓦伯格效应”的关键因素,并进一步研究明确了雷帕霉素靶蛋白是通过上调几个在肿瘤发生中起主要作用的蛋白质来促进M2型丙酮酸激酶的表达和糖酵解的发生,联合阻断雷帕霉素靶蛋白通路和糖酵解可协同抑制肿瘤的发生和进展,联合抑制这些新发现的肿瘤药物靶标可能增加抗肿瘤药物的疗效、减少副作用和降低肿瘤抗药性。
mTOR信号途径是最近新出现的细胞内重要信号途径,这一途径在进化上高度保守,主要通过控制蛋白合成来调节细胞生长。mTOR信号通路是调控细胞生长与增殖的一个关键通路,该通路将从营养分子、能量状态以及生长因子传来的信号整合在一起,调控大量的生命过程,包括自我吞噬、核糖体的生物组合和代谢等。该通路的失调与多种人类疾病相关,包括癌症、糖尿病与心血管疾病。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1014769108
Mammalian target of rapamycin up-regulation of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 is critical for aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth
Qian Suna, Xinxin Chena, Jianhui Mab, Haiyong Penga, Fang Wanga, Xiaojun Zhaa, Yanan Wanga, Yanling Jinga, Hongwang Yanga, Rongrong Chena, Long Changa, Yu Zhangc, June Gotod, Hiroaki Ondae, Tong Chenf, Ming-Rong Wangc, Youyong Lug, Han Youb,1, David Kwiatkowskid, and Hongbing Zhanga,1
Although aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) is a hallmark of cancer, key questions, including when, how, and why cancer cells become highly glycolytic, remain less clear. For a largely unknown regulatory mechanism, a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform is exclusively expressed in embryonic, proliferating, and tumor cells, and plays an essential role in tumor metabolism and growth. Because the receptor tyrosine kinase/PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (RTK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling cascade is a frequently altered pathway in cancer, we explored its potential role in cancer metabolism. We identified mTOR as a central activator of the Warburg effect by inducing PKM2 and other glycolytic enzymes under normoxic conditions. PKM2 level was augmented in mouse kidney tumors due to deficiency of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 and consequent mTOR activation, and was reduced in human cancer cells by mTOR suppression. mTOR up-regulation of PKM2 expression was through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-mediated transcription activation, and c-Myc–heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)-dependent regulation of PKM2 gene splicing. Disruption of PKM2 suppressed oncogenic mTOR-mediated tumorigenesis. Unlike normal cells, mTOR hyperactive cells were more sensitive to inhibition of mTOR or glycolysis. Dual suppression of mTOR and glycolysis synergistically blunted the proliferation and tumor development of mTOR hyperactive cells. Even though aerobic glycolysis is not required for breach of senescence for immortalization and transformation, the frequently deregulated mTOR signaling during multistep oncogenic processes could contribute to the development of the Warburg effect in many cancers. Components of the mTOR/HIF1α/Myc–hnRNPs/PKM2 glycolysis signaling network could be targeted for the treatment of cancer caused by an aberrant RTK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.