据物理学家组织网4月16日(北京时间)报道,斯坦福大学医学院的科学家发现,一种黄金纳米粒子能在脑部肿瘤“安家”,同时对3种不同的成像方式可见,精确显示肿瘤的轮廓,使小鼠脑瘤的移除提升至前所未有的精度。相关研究报告发表在4月15日的《自然·医学》Nature Medicine杂志网络版上。
研究人员表示,因为其要尽可能地保留患者大脑的正常部分,即使是技艺最精湛的外科医生也无法保证脑瘤切除后不会遗留癌细胞。这在恶性胶质瘤的移除上表现得尤其明显,该种癌细胞可沿血管和神经束轻易扩散,使健康组织发生病变。此外,源自原发肿瘤的微转移,也可在周围健康组织生根发芽,而这都是外科医生无法用肉眼识别的。
新技术能借助包裹了成像试剂的黄金纳米粒子,突出小鼠的恶性胶质瘤组织,使手术更易进行。粒子的尺寸约为人类红血球大小的1/60。科学家推测,这些粒子由小鼠尾部静脉注射后会优先在肿瘤内“安家”。纳米粒子可沿血管抵达周围的肿瘤组织,粒子的黄金核心涂覆了含有钆的特殊涂层,可使粒子对3种不同的成像方式皆可见,即磁共振成像(MRI)、光声成像和拉曼成像,每种都能有效提升手术效果。
MRI可在手术前较好地显示肿瘤的边缘及位置,却不能在手术过程中大脑处于动态时完整地描述肿瘤的侵略性增长。纳米粒子的黄金核心能吸收光声成像的光脉冲,并随着粒子微微升温,生成可检测到的超声信号,并从中计算出三维的肿瘤图像。由于这种成像方式可深度贯穿,并对黄金粒子的存在十分敏感,其能保证在手术过程中对肿瘤边缘的实时、准确描述,引导医生移除大部分肿瘤,提升移除精准度。但上述两种方法都不能分辨出健康组织和癌变组织的区别,拉曼成像可促使纳米粒子的某一外涂层放射出波长不同的难以探测的光,黄金核心的表面能放大这些微弱的拉曼信号,并能被特殊的显微镜捕捉到。由于这些信号只会从藏身于肿瘤之中的纳米粒子发出,因此科研人员可轻易分辨出每一点残留的癌变组织,使肿瘤的彻底清除更加容易。
科研人员称,该技术有望在未来协助对致命性脑癌的预报,并可延伸至其他的肿瘤类型。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nm.2721
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A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new triple-modality MRI-photoacoustic-Raman nanoparticle
Moritz F Kircher, Adam de la Zerda, Jesse V Jokerst, Cristina L Zavaleta, Paul J Kempen, Erik Mittra, Ken Pitter, Ruimin Huang, Carl Campos, Frezghi Habte, Robert Sinclair, Cameron W Brennan, Ingo K Mellinghoff, Eric C Holland & Sanjiv S Gambhir
The difficulty in delineating brain tumor margins is a major obstacle in the path toward better outcomes for patients with brain tumors. Current imaging methods are often limited by inadequate sensitivity, specificity and spatial resolution. Here we show that a unique triple-modality magnetic resonance imaging–photoacoustic imaging–Raman imaging nanoparticle (termed here MPR nanoparticle) can accurately help delineate the margins of brain tumors in living mice both preoperatively and intraoperatively. The MPRs were detected by all three modalities with at least a picomolar sensitivity both in vitro and in living mice. Intravenous injection of MPRs into glioblastoma-bearing mice led to MPR accumulation and retention by the tumors, with no MPR accumulation in the surrounding healthy tissue, allowing for a noninvasive tumor delineation using all three modalities through the intact skull. Raman imaging allowed for guidance of intraoperative tumor resection, and a histological correlation validated that Raman imaging was accurately delineating the brain tumor margins. This new triple-modality–nanoparticle approach has promise for enabling more accurate brain tumor imaging and resection.