2012年9月9日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --乳腺组织的僵硬程度可以作为鉴别乳腺癌发生的一个重要因素,组织的僵硬度可以诱导分子改变,进而促进细胞的癌变行为。一项新的研究发现,在三维凝胶上生长的乳腺癌细胞可以增强细胞的复制,并且随着僵硬度的增加可以降低细胞的组织化。这期间所涉及的信号都是有一些表面蛋白质所参与协调控制的,这些蛋白质可以和结缔组织进行信息交流来调节细胞的复制、死亡以及运动。然而,目前我们并不清楚为什么组织僵硬度或者其它物理特性可以促使机体的癌变行为。
本项研究由宾夕法尼亚大学的研究者Michael Pack领导,相关成果已经刊登在了杂志PLoS Biology上。文章中,研究者阐述了,携带激活平滑肌肌球蛋白基因突变的斑马鱼肠道上皮细胞可以形成称为伪足的前突,这将会使得细胞在其周围的结缔组织上进行扩散。这种上皮细胞的前突形式可以对其周围平滑肌细胞的非调节收缩产生反应,进而这些收缩行为会在上皮细胞中产生氧化性应激反应,这和人类癌细胞的伪足形成明显相关。
斑马鱼突变体是一种新型的模型,其常用于研究组织的物理特性,这种组织会诱导细胞在周围组织之间扩散,这是癌症转移的第一步。在细胞扩散期间,上皮细胞会突破基膜,并且侵入到周围的结缔组织中,进而在结缔组织中产生血管以及淋巴隙。扩散的癌细胞也可以进入血管或者淋巴间隙中,并且迁移到较远的组织中进而产生癌症转移灶。
目前癌症研究中的一个难题就是组织中的侵入型细胞如何正确定位降低基膜蛋白质的酶类,很多研究者指出,癌细胞通过形成特殊的前突来完成这项任务,但是没有人知道伪足(invadopodia)在细胞扩散侵袭中是不是必须的。
研究者并不知道伪足是否在正常组织中有正常的用途,Pack解释道,我们的研究首次揭示了活的动物体内伪足的发生及功能,通过对斑马鱼进行研究,研究者发现伪足在细胞侵袭和识别这个过程中的物理信号上扮演着重要角色。的确,通过消除蛋白质Tks5(该蛋白质是伪足形成必须的,可以帮助产生活性氧)可以阻碍前突的生长,并且降低来自细胞侵袭的基因突变。(生物谷Bioon.com)
编译自:Tension On Gut Muscles Induces Cell Invasion in Zebrafish Intestine, Mimicking Cancer Metastasis
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001386
PMC:
PMID:
Smooth Muscle Tension Induces Invasive Remodeling of the Zebrafish Intestine
Christoph Seiler1, Gangarao Davuluri1, Joshua Abrams1, Fitzroy J. Byfield2, Paul A. Janmey2, Michael Pack1,3*
The signals that initiate cell invasion are not well understood, but there is increasing evidence that extracellular physical signals play an important role. Here we show that epithelial cell invasion in the intestine of zebrafish meltdown (mlt) mutants arises in response to unregulated contractile tone in the surrounding smooth muscle cell layer. Physical signaling in mlt drives formation of membrane protrusions within the epithelium that resemble invadopodia, matrix-degrading protrusions present in invasive cancer cells. Knockdown of Tks5, a Src substrate that is required for invadopodia formation in mammalian cells blocked formation of the protrusions and rescued invasion in mlt. Activation of Src-signaling induced invadopodia-like protrusions in wild type epithelial cells, however the cells did not migrate into the tissue stroma, thus indicating that the protrusions were required but not sufficient for invasion in this in vivo model. Transcriptional profiling experiments showed that genes responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) were upregulated in mlt larvae. ROS generators induced invadopodia-like protrusions and invasion in heterozygous mlt larvae but had no effect in wild type larvae. Co-activation of oncogenic Ras and Wnt signaling enhanced the responsiveness of mlt heterozygotes to the ROS generators. These findings present the first direct evidence that invadopodia play a role in tissue cell invasion in vivo. In addition, they identify an inducible physical signaling pathway sensitive to redox and oncogenic signaling that can drive this process.