来自约翰霍普金斯大学Kimmel癌症中心的科学家们开发了一种测试方法,利用常规巴氏检测(Pap test)获得的宫颈分泌物来检测卵巢癌及子宫内膜癌。在一项初步研究中,研究人员采用这种命名为“PapGene”的测试方法,依靠全基因组测序癌症特异性突变,检测出了全部24个子宫内膜癌,以及22个卵巢癌其中的9个,准确率分别为100%和41%。这些实验结果发布在1月9日的《科学转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志上。
尽管研究人员指出在临床应用前还需要开展较大规模的测试,他们也表示相信这种测试方法有潜力开创出新的全基因组癌症筛查检测。
巴氏测试是一种从子宫颈部获取细胞,显微镜下检测癌症迹象的诊断方法,被广泛及成功应用于宫颈癌筛查。然而,当前却还没有适用于卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌的常规的筛查方法。
约翰霍普金斯大学肿瘤学副教授、Swim Across America实验室主任Luis Diaz博士说:“由于巴氏检测偶尔包含有从卵巢或子宫内膜脱落的细胞,来自这些器官的肿瘤细胞可能也存在于分泌液中。我们的基因组测序方法有潜力以一种可扩展的、符合成本效益的方式检测这些癌细胞。”
研究人员说,在妇科癌症患者的宫颈液中,正常细胞的DNA与来自癌细胞的DNA混杂在一起。他们的任务是利用基因组测序将癌性DNA与正常DNA区分开来。
为了区分测试中基因组区域的优先次序,科学家们不得不先确定卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌中最常见的遗传改变。他们搜查了公开的全基因组卵巢癌研究,寻找卵巢癌特异性突变。由于无法获得最常见子宫内膜癌类型的全基因组研究,他们还对22个子宫内膜癌展开了全基因组测序研究。
通过这些卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌基因组数据,约翰霍普金斯大学研究小组在两种癌症中发现了12个最常见的突变基因,基于这些认知开发出了PapGene测试。
随后研究人员用PapGene检测了来自卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌患者的巴氏检测样本。新测试检测出了早期及晚期阶段的子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌。对照组中没有任何健康妇女被错误归类患有癌症。
研究人员下一步打算用PapGene检测更多地样本,并致力提高检测卵巢癌的灵敏度。“在月经周期的不同时间进行测试,将宫颈刷深插到宫颈管中,评估更多的基因组区域,采取这些措施或许能够提高检测的灵敏度,”约翰霍普金斯大学神经外科助理教授Chetan Bettegowda博士说。
在美国,每年有近7万妇女被确诊卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌,大约三分之一的妇女死于这些疾病。
“全基因组测试或可帮助早期检测卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌,使更多的人得到治愈,”研究生Yuxuan Wang说。新测试的费用可能与当前的宫颈液HPV测试相似,不会超过100美元。
研究人员表示,尽管PapGene是一种高灵敏度方法,可用于检测癌症特异性DNA突变,然而在扩增、测序和分析等多个步骤过程中,有可能错误生成假性突变。研究人员还需要为PapGene测序方法建立一种保障策略,以清除可能导致错误测试结果的假象。
“如果不加解析,假象有可能会导致错误的假阳性测试结果,错误认定健康人患癌,”研究生Isaac Kinde说。
Kinde开发了一种方法,在样品制备的初期阶段,在每个DNA片段上添加一种独特的遗传条码。尽管在最终测序前每个DNA片段都会多次拷贝,通过他们的遗传条码可以追溯所有的新拷贝DNA至原始的DNA分子。如果来自同一DNA分子的拷贝并非都包含相同的突变,研究人员就会将之视作是一种假象,从而排除这一突变。而真正的突变,在最初加条码之前就会存在于样本中,因此也将存在于原始DNA分子及其所有来源于它的拷贝中。(生物谷Bioon.com)
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004952
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Evaluation of DNA from the Papanicolaou Test to Detect Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers
Isaac Kinde1,*, Chetan Bettegowda1,2,*, Yuxuan Wang1,*, Jian Wu1,3, Nishant Agrawal1,4,Ie-Ming Shih5, Robert Kurman5, Fanny Dao6, Douglas A. Levine6, Robert Giuntoli7, Richard Roden5,James R. Eshleman5, Jesus Paula Carvalho8, Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie8,9,Nickolas Papadopoulos1, Kenneth W. Kinzler1, Bert Vogelstein1,† and Luis A. Diaz Jr.1,†
Papanicolaou (Pap) smears have revolutionized the management of patients with cervical cancers by permitting the detection of early, surgically curable tumors and their precursors. In recent years, the traditional Pap smear has been replaced by a liquid-based method, which allows not only cytologic evaluation but also collection of DNA for detection of human papillomavirus, the causative agent of cervical cancer. We reasoned that this routinely collected DNA could be exploited to detect somatic mutations present in rare tumor cells that accumulate in the cervix once shed from endometrial or ovarian cancers. A panel of genes that are commonly mutated in endometrial and ovarian cancers was assembled with new whole-exome sequencing data from 22 endometrial cancers and previously published data on other tumor types. We used this panel to search for mutations in 24 endometrial and 22 ovarian cancers and identified mutations in all 46 samples. With a sensitive massively parallel sequencing method, we were able to identify the same mutations in the DNA from liquid Pap smear specimens in 100% of endometrial cancers (24 of 24) and in 41% of ovarian cancers (9 of 22). Prompted by these findings, we developed a sequence-based method to query mutations in 12 genes in a single liquid Pap smear specimen without previous knowledge of the tumor’s genotype. When applied to 14 samples selected from the positive cases described above, the expected tumor-specific mutations were identified. These results demonstrate that DNA from most endometrial and a fraction of ovarian cancers can be detected in a standard liquid-based Pap smear specimen obtained during routine pelvic examination. Although improvements need to be made before applying this test in a routine clinical manner, it represents a promising step toward a broadly applicable screening methodology for the early detection of gynecologic malignancies.