澳大利亚、英国及美国科学家近日研究确定,虽然生殖策略有所不同,但人类和有袋动物(marsupial)拥有相同的基因印记(genetic imprinting)机制。这一机制在1.5亿年前进化而成,它调控胎儿发育中的基因表达,并在胎儿的生长中发挥重要作用。相关论文发表在《自然—遗传学》(Nature Genetics)上。
论文作者之一、澳大利亚墨尔本大学动物学系的Andrew Pask说:“我们的每个基因都有两个副本,分别遗传自父亲和母亲,所以每个基因我们都有一个备份。通常两个副本都参与发育,但在一些特殊情况下,其中一个副本会被关闭,只剩下一个有活性的副本,这种现象就称作基因印记。没有了备份以后,一旦发生错误,就会导致人类的很多遗传疾病,影响生长和大脑功能。”
Pask解释说,调控胎儿生长的关键基因——胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ(IGF2)就是一个印记基因。他说:“我们从父亲继承的这个基因的副本能正常行使功能,而从母亲继承的副本被关闭。这种开关由另外一种名为H19的基因所控制,H19与众不同,它制造microRNA而不是蛋白质。多年来科学家一直在有袋动物体内寻找microRNA基因,此次是首次发现。”
他表示,这一microRNA结构与人类及小鼠的完全相同,但没有证据表明在亲缘关系更远的鸭嘴兽身上也具有这一基因或类似的microRNA。
论文另一位合作者、墨尔本大学的Geoffrey Shaw说:“了解基因印记的进化非常重要,它能帮助我们确定这一机制的运行方式以及我们该采取哪些措施来避免许多人类疾病的发生。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Nature Genetics,doi:10.1038/ng.168,Guillaume Smits,Ian Dunham
Conservation of the H19 noncoding RNA and H19-IGF2 imprinting mechanism in therians
Guillaume Smits1,9, Andrew J Mungall2,9, Sam Griffiths-Jones3, Paul Smith1, Delphine Beury1, Lucy Matthews2, Jane Rogers2, Andrew J Pask4, Geoff Shaw4, John L VandeBerg5, John R McCarrey6, the SAVOIR Consortium8, Marilyn B Renfree4, Wolf Reik1 & Ian Dunham2,7
Abstract
Comparisons between eutherians and marsupials suggest limited conservation of the molecular mechanisms that control genomic imprinting in mammals. We have studied the evolution of the imprinted IGF2-H19 locus in therians. Although marsupial orthologs of protein-coding exons were easily identified, the use of evolutionarily conserved regions and low-stringency Bl2seq comparisons was required to delineate a candidate H19 noncoding RNA sequence. The therian H19 orthologs show miR-675 and exon structure conservation, suggesting functional selection on both features. Transcription start site sequences and poly(A) signals are also conserved. As in eutherians, marsupial H19 is maternally expressed and paternal methylation upstream of the gene originates in the male germline, encompasses a CTCF insulator, and spreads somatically into the H19 gene. The conservation in all therians of the mechanism controlling imprinting of the IGF2-H19 locus suggests a sequential model of imprinting evolution.