(封面图片:背景图片显示了高脂肪饮食小鼠的胰腺组织的电子显微镜图像,其中表现出一个自噬体螯合线粒体和胰岛素颗粒的过程。下面右侧的免疫组织化学图像显示了缺少自噬相关基因atg7的胰岛β细胞存在损伤标志物p62(绿色部分)的聚集。其中红色部分为胰岛素,蓝色部分为细胞核。左侧图像显示出atg7-/-胰岛当中p62内含体的发展过程。图像提供:Ebato等)
自噬作用(autophagy)是一种普遍存在于真核细胞中的现象,它是溶酶体对于自身结构的吞噬降解,是细胞内的再循环系统。细胞通过自噬作用降解蛋白质和受损的细胞器。尽管错调的自噬作用与多种疾病有关,其中包括神经退化性疾病,但是它在胰腺β细胞和葡萄糖代谢过程中的作用并未得到很好的揭示。在2008年10月8日出版的《细胞—代谢》(Cell Metabolism)上,两个国际研究小组分别发表了他们在这一方面的最新研究成果。
来自韩国和日本的一组科学家利用了一种特异性去除Atg7(自噬相关7)基因胰腺β细胞的小鼠,Atg7变异的小鼠表现出葡萄糖耐量减低(impaired glucose tolerance)以及血清胰岛素浓度的降低。由于细胞凋亡的增加以及β细胞分裂增生程度的降低,导致β细胞数量和胰腺中胰岛素的减少。
生理学分析显示,在小鼠中存在血糖激发的胰岛素分泌的降低,并且自噬作用缺陷的β细胞中血糖诱导的胞内钙离子瞬变过程也被破坏。而形态学分析则表明存在泛素蛋白(ubiquitinated protein)的聚集,这种现象与p62共存,并伴随着线粒体肿胀、内质网膨胀以及β细胞液泡的变化。以上研究结果表明自噬作用对于维持胰腺β细胞的结构、数量以及功能都是非常重要的,自噬作用的破坏将导致胰岛素的缺乏以及高血糖症的发生。
在另一篇文章中,来自日本的一组科学家称他们发现了糖尿病db/db小鼠以及高脂饮食C57BL/6小鼠的胰腺β细胞中存在自噬作用的升调节。而能导致糖尿病相关的外周胰岛素抵抗的游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid FFA)诱导胰腺β细胞自噬作用发生。对于atg7基因的消除将导致胰岛退化、胰岛素分泌以及葡萄糖耐量降低。
与此同时研究人员还观察到,尽管在对照组小鼠中高脂肪含量的饮食能激发胰腺β细胞自噬,但是对于自噬不足变异小鼠而言,这将形成葡萄糖耐量的恶化,以上现象发生的部分原因在于缺乏胰腺β细胞数量的补偿性增加。
因此,基础自噬作用对于维持正常的胰岛结构和功能至关重要。文章中作者还表示,当存在高脂肪饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗时,自噬作用是一种胰腺β细胞的独特适应性反应。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell Metabolism,Vol 8, 318-324, 08 October 2008,Hye Seung Jung, Myung-Shik Lee
Loss of Autophagy Diminishes Pancreatic β Cell Mass and Function with Resultant Hyperglycemia
Hye Seung Jung,1 Kun Wook Chung,1 Jeong Won Kim,1 Jin Kim,2 Masaaki Komatsu,3,4,5Keiji Tanaka,3 Yen Hoang Nguyen,6 Tong Mook Kang,6 Kun-Ho Yoon,7 Ji-Won Kim,7 Yeon Taek Jeong,1 Myoung Sook Han,1 Moon-Kyu Lee,1 Kwang-Won Kim,1 Jaekyoon Shin,8 and Myung-Shik Lee1
1 Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea
2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul 137-701, Korea
3 Laboratory of Frontier Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
4 Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
5 PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
6 Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
7 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul 137-701, Korea
8 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
Autophagy is a cellular degradation-recycling system for aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. Although dysregulated autophagy is implicated in various diseases including neurodegeneration, its role in pancreatic β cells and glucose homeostasis has not been described. We produced mice with β cell-specific deletion of Atg7(autophagy-related 7). Atg7 mutant mice showed impaired glucose tolerance and decreased serum insulin level. β cell mass and pancreatic insulin content were reduced because of increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of β cells. Physiological studies showed reduced basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and impaired glucose-induced cytosolic Ca2+ transients in autophagy-deficient β cells. Morphologic analysis revealed accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates colocalized with p62, which was accompanied by mitochondrial swelling, endoplasmic reticulum distension, and vacuolar changes in β cells. These results suggest that autophagy is necessary to maintain structure, mass and function of pancreatic β cells, and its impairment causes insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia because of abnormal turnover and function of cellular organelles.