人类基因组测序已产生大量基因信息,但是理解每个基因的功能的目标仍未实现。在一项新研究中,美国伊利诺伊大学研究人员报道,利用一种他们称作“比较表观基因组学(comparative epigenomics)”的新方法就能够确定基因的作用。相关论文研究结果于2012年6月8日发表在《细胞》期刊上。
论文通讯作者、伊利诺伊大学生物工程部门和基因组生物学研究所研究员Sheng Zhong说,“比较表观基因组学就是进行DNA和组蛋白修饰的种间比较,以便对起调节作用的基因组序列进行标注。”
尽管一个有机体的基因组含有它所有的基因,然而实际上确是表观基因组决定哪些基因表达。尽管人们长期以来集中关注比较基因组学---比较相近种(similar species)的基因组,并寻找是哪些共同特征决定相同性状如何受到调节---,然而比较表观遗传学则能够对调节的功能提供更加深入的认识。
Zhong领导的研究人员与来自华盛顿大学的Ting Wang和来自佐治亚大学的Harris Lewin 和Franklin West合作开展研究,他们集中研究三个物种:人类,小鼠和猪。通过分析多能性干细胞(pluripotent stem cell)中的9个表观基因组标记,他们能够为每个物种构建一张表观基因组图谱。
研究小组作出结论:只要采取合适的分析程序,人们就能够鉴定出种间表观基因组保守标记。他们然后证实保守的表观遗传标记能够被有效地用来标注基因组和阐明基因组的调节性功能。
对科学而言,最为紧迫的问题之一就是理解基因组科学,这项研究揭示了一个大有希望的替代方法。Zhong补充道,“比较表观基因组学能够让我们找到更多的关于我们基因组功能进化上的线索。”(生物谷:ZinFingerNase编译)
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.029
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Comparative Epigenomic Annotation of Regulatory DNA
Shu Xiao, Dan Xie, Xiaoyi Cao, Pengfei Yu, Xiaoyun Xing, Chieh-Chun Chen, Meagan Musselman, Mingchao Xie, Franklin D. West, Harris A. Lewin, Ting Wang, Sheng Zhong
Despite the explosive growth of genomic data, functional annotation of regulatory sequences remains difficult. Here, we introduce “comparative epigenomics”— interspecies comparison of DNA and histone modifications—as an approach for annotation of the regulatory genome. We measured in human, mouse, and pig pluripotent stem cells the genomic distributions of cytosine methylation, H2A.Z, H3K4me1/2/3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac, H3K36me3, transcribed RNAs, and P300, TAF1, OCT4, and NANOG binding. We observed that epigenomic conservation was strong in both rapidly evolving and slowly evolving DNA sequences, but not in neutrally evolving sequences. In contrast, evolutionary changes of the epigenome and the transcriptome exhibited a linear correlation. We suggest that the conserved colocalization of different epigenomic marks can be used to discover regulatory sequences. Indeed, seven pairs of epigenomic marks identified exhibited regulatory functions during differentiation of embryonic stem cells into mesendoderm cells. Thus, comparative epigenomics reveals regulatory features of the genome that cannot be discerned from sequence comparisons alone.