生物谷综合:美国科学家最近测定了地球上最古老的物种之一——海葵的基因组。他们发现,该基因组的复杂程度超乎想象,且与包括人类在内的脊椎动物有很大的相似性,这一成果有望革新人们对物种进化的认识。相关论文发表在7月6日的《科学》杂志上。
领导该研究的美国能源部联合基因组研究所(Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute)Nicholas H. Putnam和其他科学家一道,测定了一种名为Nematostella vectensis的星状海葵的基因组。研究人员发现,海葵的基因组包括4.5亿个碱基对和18000个编码蛋白基因。
通过对比海葵与其他已知物种的基因组序列,研究人员推测并重建了新元古代后生动物(eumetazoan)的基因组特征,而新元古代后生动物被认为是除海绵外的其他多细胞生物的祖先。他们发现,新元古代后生动物全基因组中的80%明显是真菌、植物和其他真核生物的同源基因,其余的20%是新元古代后生动物所特有的,它们负责信号转换、细胞通讯、胚胎发生以及神经和肌肉的功能。论文高级作者、加州大学伯克利分校的Daniel S. Rokhsar表示,“现在,我们拥有了整个动物王国的基础‘工具箱’,它赋予所有的动物一种统一性。”
进一步的研究表明,人类与海葵等现代动物有三分之二的基因家族源自于它们的新元古代后生动物祖先。相比之下,果蝇与线虫的继承性只有大约二分之一。同时,研究人员发现,人类和海葵的基因内含子与外显子(exon-intron)结构也十分相似,基因组中内含子较多。而果蝇与线虫丢失了新元古代后生祖先大约50%到90%的内含子。这些发现意味着果蝇和蠕虫基因组在进化过程中丧失了一定的复杂性。因此,新的研究挑战了一个人们广泛接受的观点:生物会越进化越复杂。
除此之外,科学家还在海葵和人类基因组中发现了大量的关联基因块(blocks of linked genes),它们也都源于新元古代后生动物。
美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information)的Eugene V. Koonin表示,“海葵这样的原始的动物的基因组如此复杂,实在让人惊讶。这一发现说明,尽管现代动物的祖先在形态学上或许比较简单,但在基因组结构和调控机制上已经十分复杂。”(科学网)
原始出处:
Science 6 July 2007:
Vol. 317. no. 5834, pp. 86 - 94
DOI: 10.1126/science.1139158
Research Articles
Sea Anemone Genome Reveals Ancestral Eumetazoan Gene Repertoire and Genomic Organization
Nicholas H. Putnam,1 Mansi Srivastava,2 Uffe Hellsten,1 Bill Dirks,2 Jarrod Chapman,1 Asaf Salamov,1 Astrid Terry,1 Harris Shapiro,1 Erika Lindquist,1 Vladimir V. Kapitonov,3 Jerzy Jurka,3 Grigory Genikhovich,4 Igor V. Grigoriev,1 Susan M. Lucas,1 Robert E. Steele,5 John R. Finnerty,6 Ulrich Technau,4 Mark Q. Martindale,7 Daniel S. Rokhsar1,2*
Sea anemones are seemingly primitive animals that, along with corals, jellyfish, and hydras, constitute the oldest eumetazoan phylum, the Cnidaria. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the draft genome of an emerging cnidarian model, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. The sea anemone genome is complex, with a gene repertoire, exon-intron structure, and large-scale gene linkage more similar to vertebrates than to flies or nematodes, implying that the genome of the eumetazoan ancestor was similarly complex. Nearly one-fifth of the inferred genes of the ancestor are eumetazoan novelties, which are enriched for animal functions like cell signaling, adhesion, and synaptic transmission. Analysis of diverse pathways suggests that these gene "inventions" along the lineage leading to animals were likely already well integrated with preexisting eukaryotic genes in the eumetazoan progenitor.
1 Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
2 Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
3 Genetic Information Research Institute, 1925 Landings Drive, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
4 Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt 55, 5008, Bergen, Norway.
5 Department of Biological Chemistry and the Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
6 Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
7 Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dsrokhsar@lbl.gov