不同物种孕育繁殖的过程千差万别,巨大的生育差异意味着不同物种的胎盘必然不同,但胚胎是如何进化分支最终演变成这样千差万别的呢?美国斯坦福大学一项新的遗传学研究揭示了不同物种的胎盘进化渊源。研究表明,胎盘基因不断进化调整自身,形成物种特异性基因,以适应老鼠、大象、人类等等各个物种的不同繁殖需要。相关论文发表在5月的《基因组研究》(Genome Research)杂志上。
胚胎生长需要营养。大多数鸟类和爬行动物都通过卵壳内侧附着的一层薄膜来为胚胎交换氧气和提供营养。哺乳动物的胚胎则相对复杂,母体和胎儿的组织共同组成一个中空结构包围起胎儿,在母体的免疫系统保护下,胎盘将来自母体的氧气和营养传递给胎儿,并将胎儿的代谢废物和二氧化碳清除出去。
为了解这个复杂系统的进化机制,斯坦福大学生物学家朱莉·贝克和研究生克丝汀·诺克斯再现了形成和调控胚胎的基因进化史。他们检测了老鼠怀孕不同阶段的胎盘,并从母体和胎儿中分别分离提取了RNA进行分析。根据实验结果估计,哺乳动物形成胎盘的机制很可能和鸟类、爬行动物以及其他生产无膜卵的生物有着相似的遗传特性。
通过分析鼠类和人类成熟胎盘的活性基因,研究人员发现,当老鼠的胎盘成熟时,有一半的活性基因是啮齿类特异性的,而发育完全的人类胎盘中则有四分之一是灵长类动物特异性的。这表明,不同物种的胎盘通过特异性新基因的引进和形成来应对自身繁殖的不同需要。需要指出的是,鼠类的心脏和子宫并不利用啮齿类基因的优势,而是利用脊椎动物的特异基因。这表明,与其他器官相比,物种特异的新基因在动物胎盘中发挥着更重要的作用。(来源:科技日报 张佳星)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
(Genome Research),DOI: 10.1101/gr.071407.107,Kirstin Knox and Julie C. Baker
Genomic evolution of the placenta using co-option and duplication and divergence
Kirstin Knox and Julie C. Baker1
Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94062, USA
The invention of the placenta facilitated the evolution of mammals. How the placenta evolved from the simple structure observed in birds and reptiles into the complex organ that sustains human life is one of the great mysteries of evolution. By using a timecourse microarray analysis including the entire lifetime of the placenta, we uncover molecular and genomic changes that underlie placentation and find that two distinct evolutionary mechanisms were utilized during placental evolution in mice and human. Ancient genes involved in growth and metabolism were co-opted for use during early embryogenesis, likely enabling the accelerated development of extraembryonic tissues. Recently duplicated genes are utilized at later stages of placentation to meet the metabolic needs of a diverse range of pregnancy physiologies. Together, these mechanisms served to develop the specialized placenta, a novel structure that led to expansion of the eutherian mammal, including humankind.