人体是大约100万亿微生物细胞的宿主，其中大部分在肠道中，在那里它们对人的生理和营养都有深远影响，而且现在还被认为对人的生命非常关键。肠道微生物帮助人从食物中摄取能量，肠道微生物群落的变化还可能与肠道疾病或肥胖症有关。
一个国际合作课题组（该课题组是“人类小肠元基因组学”项目的构成部分，该项目简称为MetaHIT）发表了从丹麦和西班牙124位健康的、超重的和肥胖的成年人以及炎症患者提取的人肠道微生物菌落的一个基因目录。所获数据为了解这一基因组（比人类基因组大150倍）提供了第一手资料，并且表明这些基因大部分是在不同个体之间共享的。根据由这些基因所编码的各种不同功能，研究人员就有可能来确定最小的肠道元基因组和最小的肠道细菌基因组。
PNAS：人类元基因组研究期待“中国劲舞”
生物谷推荐原始出处：
Nature 464, 59-65 (4 March 2010) | doi:10.1038/nature08821
A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing
To understand the impact of gut microbes on human health and well-being it is crucial to assess their genetic potential. Here we describe the Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals. The gene set, ~150 times larger than the human gene complement, contains an overwhelming majority of the prevalent (more frequent) microbial genes of the cohort and probably includes a large proportion of the prevalent human intestinal microbial genes. The genes are largely shared among individuals of the cohort. Over 99% of the genes are bacterial, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species, which are also largely shared. We define and describe the minimal gut metagenome and the minimal gut bacterial genome in terms of functions present in all individuals and most bacteria, respectively.
