由英国癌症研究院领导的一个研究小组在新研究中发现:一种称作PPM1D的基因的罕见突变与乳腺癌和卵巢癌风险增高有关联。这些突变并不遗传,新发现有可能揭示癌症形成的一种新机制。研究论文发表在12月16日的《自然》(Nature)杂志上。
研究结果表明,携带PPM1D的妇女每五人中大约就有1人会在她们的一生中形成乳腺癌或卵巢癌,相比普通人群她们的乳腺癌风险提高了2倍,卵巢癌风险超过了10倍。这一发现有可能会对遗传检测和针对性预防产生影响,尤其是对于卵巢癌,这一疾病常常是到晚期才被确诊。
研究小组在1150名患有乳腺癌或卵巢癌妇女中分析了507个与DNA修复相关的基因,在5名妇女中发现了PPM1D基因突变。随后他们对7781名患有乳腺癌或卵巢癌的妇女以及来自普通群体的5861人进行了PPM1D基因测序。
研究发现癌症妇女中有25人存在PPM1D基因缺陷,而普通群体只有1人,显示出高度显着的统计学差异。
研究发现:突变基因不会遗传给下一代,且并不是存在于每一个细胞中。更令人惊讶的是,研究人员在癌细胞、正常乳腺细胞及卵巢细胞中并未发现任何的PPM1D突变;它们仅被发现存在于血细胞中。这些研究结果表明:不同于其他已知增加乳腺癌和卵巢癌风险的基因,如BRCA1和BRCA2,PPM1D是以一种完全不同的方式起作用,有可能揭示了一种新致癌机制。
研究小组发现,突变使得PPM1D基因编码分子比通常要短。这样的截短突变(truncating mutation)通常被认为会导致功能丧失,然而,研究小组惊讶地发现,在这种情况下PPM1D突变似乎使得它更为活跃。
该研究的领导者、癌症研究院遗传学主任、皇家Marsden NHS信托基金会癌症遗传学临床部门主任Nazneen Rahman教授说:“这是我们感到最有趣且令人兴奋的研究发现之一。”
“每一个阶段的结果都不同于普遍认可的理论。尽管我们还不知道PPM1D突变与乳腺癌和卵巢癌相关联的机制,这一研究发现正刺激我们全新思考基因与癌症相关的方式。”
“这些结果也可能在临床中具有应用价值,尤其是对于卵巢癌,其往往到晚期阶段才被确诊。如果一名妇女知道她携带了一种PPM1D突变,且有五分之一的机会形成卵巢癌,她或许可以考虑在生育之后采用锁孔手术(keyhole surgery)摘除卵巢。”
论文的研究人员之一、癌症研究院首席执行官Alan Ashworth教授说:“新研究发现真正转变了遗传突变导致癌症机制的传统认识。当继续解析这一谜题时,我们有可能能够获得许多有关癌症发生机制的有价值的见解。”
新遗传测序技术使得研究人员能够更深入分析基因,这对于研究小组能够建立PPM1D突变与癌症之间的关联至关重要。研究发现这些突变仅存在于一些细胞中,这种所谓的嵌合模式(mosaic pattern)用旧的测序方法极难检测出来。
随着更多的研究团队利用这些深度测序技术开展研究,在其他的基因和其他类型的癌症患者中也有可能发现相似的嵌合突变。
Wellcome Trust基金会分子和生理学主管Michael Dunn博士说:“这一研究提供了一个奇妙的范例:利用新一代测序的能力来发现新的癌症易感基因,提供更好的诊断机会。这一发现还为研究癌症形成开辟了一个令人兴奋的研究新途径。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11725
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Mosaic PPM1D mutations are associated with predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer
Elise Ruark, Katie Snape, Peter Humburg, Chey Loveday, Ilirjana Bajrami, Rachel Brough,Daniel Nava Rodrigues, Anthony Renwick, Sheila Seal, Emma Ramsay, Silvana Del Vecchio Duarte, Manuel A. Rivas, Margaret Warren-Perry, Anna Zachariou, Adriana Campion-Flora,Sandra Hanks, Anne Murray, Naser Ansari Pour, Jenny Douglas, Lorna Gregory, Andrew Rimmer, Neil M. Walker, Tsun-Po Yang, Julian W. Adlard, Julian Barwell, Jonathan Berg,Angela F. Brady, Carole Brewer, Glen Brice, Cyril Chapman, Jackie Cook, Rosemarie Davidson, Alan Donaldson, Fiona Douglas, Diana Eccles, D. Gareth Evans, Lynn Greenhalgh, Alex Henderson, Louise Izatt, Ajith Kumar, Fiona Lalloo, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Patrick J. Morrison, Joan Paterson, Mary Porteous, Mark T. Rogers,Susan Shanley, Lisa Walker, Martin Gore, Richard Houlston, Matthew A. Brown, Mark J. Caufield, Panagiotis Deloukas, Mark I. McCarthy, John A. Todd, The Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Collaboration, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Clare Turnbull, Jorge S. Reis-Filho, Alan Ashworth, Antonis C. Antoniou, Christopher J. Lord,Peter Donnelly & Nazneen Rahman
Improved sequencing technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for investigating the role of rare genetic variation in common disease. However, there are considerable challenges with respect to study design, data analysis and replication1. Using pooled next-generation sequencing of 507 genes implicated in the repair of DNA in 1,150 samples, an analytical strategy focused on protein-truncating variants (PTVs) and a large-scale sequencing case–control replication experiment in 13,642 individuals, here we show that rare PTVs in the p53-inducible protein phosphatase PPM1Dare associated with predisposition to breast cancer and ovarian cancer. PPM1D PTV mutations were present in 25 out of 7,781 cases versus 1 out of 5,861 controls (P = 1.12 × 10−5), including 18 mutations in 6,912 individuals with breast cancer (P = 2.42 × 10−4) and 12 mutations in 1,121 individuals with ovarian cancer (P = 3.10 × 10−9). Notably, all of the identified PPM1D PTVs were mosaic in lymphocyte DNA and clustered within a 370-base-pair region in the final exon of the gene, carboxy-terminal to the phosphatase catalytic domain. Functional studies demonstrate that the mutations result in enhanced suppression of p53 in response to ionizing radiation exposure, suggesting that the mutant alleles encode hyperactive PPM1D isoforms. Thus, although the mutations cause premature protein truncation, they do not result in the simple loss-of-function effect typically associated with this class of variant, but instead probably have a gain-of-function effect. Our results have implications for the detection and management of breast and ovarian cancer risk. More generally, these data provide new insights into the role of rare and of mosaic genetic variants in common conditions, and the use of sequencing in their identification.