在雌性哺乳动物中，被称为XIST的大非编码RNA触发两个X-染色体中其中一个上的基因转录被沉默。X-染色体的这种失活是重要的，因为双倍剂量的X基因将是有害的。在这项研究中，Jeanne Lawrence及同事用“锌指核酸酶”来将一个可诱导的XIST转基因定位到来自“唐氏综合症”多能干细胞的21号染色体中（这种病是由第三个21号染色体的存在造成的）。他们发现，XIST RNA覆盖一个版本的21号染色体，并触发基因沉默，这说明了该方法对于研究“唐氏综合症”等染色体疾病以及研究基因疗法的潜力。（生物谷Bioon.com）
生物谷推荐英文摘要：
Nature doi: 10.1038/nature12394
Translating dosage compensation to trisomy 21
Jun Jiang, Yuanchun Jing, Gregory J. Cost, Jen-Chieh Chiang, Heather J. Kolpa, Allison M. Cotton, Dawn M. Carone, Benjamin R. Carone, David A. Shivak, Dmitry Y. Guschin, Jocelynn R. Pearl, Edward J. Rebar, Meg Byron, Philip D. Gregory, Carolyn J. Brown, Fyodor D. Urnov, Lisa L. Hall &Jeanne B. Lawrence
Down’s syndrome is a common disorder with enormous medical and social costs, caused by trisomy for chromosome 21. We tested the concept that gene imbalance across an extra chromosome can be de facto corrected by manipulating a single gene, XIST (the X-inactivation gene). Using genome editing with zinc finger nucleases, we inserted a large, inducible XIST transgene into the DYRK1A locus on chromosome 21, in Down’s syndrome pluripotent stem cells. The XIST non-coding RNA coats chromosome 21 and triggers stable heterochromatin modifications, chromosome-wide transcriptional silencing and DNA methylation to form a ‘chromosome 21 Barr body’. This provides a model to study human chromosome inactivation and creates a system to investigate genomic expression changes and cellular pathologies of trisomy 21, free from genetic and epigenetic noise. Notably, deficits in proliferation and neural rosette formation are rapidly reversed upon silencing one chromosome 21. Successful trisomy silencing in vitro also surmounts the major first step towards potential development of ‘chromosome therapy’.
