生物谷:英国牛津大学的科学家在7月6日出版的《科学》杂志上发表论文称,他们发现一种罕见的无内脏蠕虫并不能从外表判断归属,它与海葵及水母存在着较近的亲缘关系。这一发现有望改变人们对进化过程的传统认识。
这种蠕虫名为Buddenbrockia,自1851年首次被发现以来,科学家只有为数不多的几次得以瞻仰它的“尊容”。该蠕虫无口、无内脏、无大脑、无神经脊索,身体结构无上下、左右、前后之分,呈完全的对称形状,故而关于它在动物王国里的“地位”问题,一直困扰着科学家。
为了弄清该种蠕虫的归属问题,此次研究的领导者、牛津大学教授Peter Holland及同事分析了Buddenbrockia的50种基因,并与其它动物的基因作了比较。他们发现,虽然长得像蠕虫,但是Buddenbrockia却与海葵及水母等动物有着更近的亲缘关系。Holland教授说:“这说明Buddenbrockia类蠕虫的身体形状是由两种完全不同的动物经过至少两次的进化而来。这是已发现的最令人惊讶的‘趋同进化’(convergent evolution)的例子,因为这不是个体器官或身体某一部分的趋同进化,而是整个身体的趋同进化。”
Buddenbrockia与可致鲑鱼死亡的寄生虫Tetracapsula bryosalmonae有着紧密的亲缘关系,而Tetracapsula bryosalmonae因为其DNA很难从寄主DNA中分离使得科学家无从对其进行研究。现在则可以通过研究更容易分离得到的Buddenbrockia DNA来研究此类寄生虫的防治方法,这对于渔民来说是个大好消息。
针对此次研究的意义,Holland教授表示,目前,动物更多地是根据外形的相似性而不是相互间基因的联系被分类,基因探测技术将有助于理清这些动物间的亲缘关系。(科学网)
原始出处:
Science 6 July 2007:
Vol. 317. no. 5834, pp. 116 - 118
DOI: 10.1126/science.1142024
Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm
Eva Jiménez-Guri,1* Hervé Philippe,2* Beth Okamura,3,4 Peter W. H. Holland1
A major evolutionary divide occurs in the animal kingdom between the so-called radially symmetric animals, which includes the cnidarians, and the bilaterally symmetric animals, which includes all worm phyla. Buddenbrockia plumatellae is an active, muscular, parasitic worm that belongs to the phylum Myxozoa, a group of morphologically simplified microscopic endoparasites that has proved difficult to place phylogenetically. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple protein-coding genes demonstrate that Buddenbrockia is a cnidarian. This active muscular worm increases the known diversity in cnidarian body plans and demonstrates that a muscular, wormlike form can evolve in the absence of overt bilateral symmetry.
1 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
2 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C3J7.
3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK.
4 Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: peter.holland@zoo.ox.ac.uk