西班牙和德国科学家近日通过研究具有5万年历史的尼安德特人DNA,得出结论认为,至少有一些尼安德特人具有红色头发和白皙皮肤。相关论文10月25日在线发表于《科学》上。
领导此次研究的是西班牙巴塞罗那大学的Carles Lalueza-Fox和德国莱比锡大学的Holger Römpler。研究人员此次关注的重点是mc1r基因,具有较低活性mc1r基因的现代人类容易具有白皙皮肤,这有利于生活在高纬度的人有效利用有限太阳光合成维生素D。研究人员发现,此次研究的尼安德特人mc1r基因含有一个单碱基对的变异。
研究人员对mc1r基因的功能部分进行了多次测序,让另外的实验室用新鲜片断重复了实验,并检测了3700多个现代人类的mc1r基因序列,结果没有发现与尼安德特人相同的mc1r基因序列。这表明,这种序列很可能是尼安德特人独有的。论文合著者、德国马普学会进化人类学研究所的Michael Hofreiter说:“如果说现代人类也含有这一序列的话,那么概率也是极其低的。”
研究人员随后将尼安德特人mc1r基因插入人类细胞,结果发现它的活性与白皮肤红头发人类mc1r基因的活性大致相同。研究人员估计,至少有1%的尼安德特人拥有这种低活性基因的两个副本,这使得他们具有类似现代人的红头发。
Lalueza-Fox和Hofreiter表示,此次研究表明,苍白皮肤很可能是在尼安德特人和现代人类之中分别独立进化的,而不太可能是由二者杂交而来。
美国中密歇根大学的人类学家Rachel Caspari认为,人类皮肤颜色的调节是非常复杂的过程,所以进化产生淡色皮肤的方式可能有多种。她同时提醒说,现在还不能排除尼安德特人和现代人类进行过遗传交换的可能性。一种可能性就是,人类在5万年前时具有相关等位基因,后来为变异所取代。她说:“对于尼安德特人和现代人类之间的基因流动(gene flow)的观点,此次研究不能提供支持,但也不能完全驳倒。”(科学网 梅进/编译)
原始出处:
Published Online October 25, 2007
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1147417
Submitted on July 5, 2007
Accepted on October 12, 2007
A Melanocortin 1 Receptor Allele Suggests Varying Pigmentation Among Neanderthals
Carles Lalueza-Fox 1*, Holger Römpler 2, David Caramelli 3, Claudia Stäubert 4, Giulio Catalano 5, David Hughes 6, Nadin Rohland 6, Elena Pilli 3, Laura Longo 7, Silvana Condemi 8, Marco de la Rasilla 9, Javier Fortea 9, Antonio Rosas 10, Mark Stoneking 6, Torsten Schöneberg 4, Jaume Bertranpetit 11, Michael Hofreiter 6*
1 Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
2 Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
3 Laboratorio di Antropologia, Università di Firenze, Italy.
4 Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
5 Laboratorio di Antropologia, Università di Firenze, Italy.; Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
6 Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
7 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
8 Unité d'Anthropologie, CNRS, UMR 6578, Marseille, France.
9 Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
10 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
11 Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Carles Lalueza-Fox , E-mail: clalueza@ub.edu
Michael Hofreiter , E-mail: hofreite@eva.mpg.de
These authors contributed equally to this work.
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) regulates pigmentation in humans and other vertebrates. Variants of MC1R with reduced function are associated with pale skin color and red hair in humans primarily of European origin. We amplified and sequenced a fragment of the MC1R gene (mc1r) from two Neanderthal remains. Both specimens have a mutation not found in ~3,700 modern humans. Functional analyses show that this variant reduces MC1R activity to a level that alters hair and/or skin pigmentation in humans. The impaired activity of this variant suggests that Neanderthals varied in pigmentation levels, potentially to the scale observed in modern humans. Our data suggest that inactive MC1R variants evolved independently in both modern humans and Neanderthals.