生物谷报道:产卵哺乳动物(又称单孔类动物)为澳洲所特有,一般分为两组,嘴巴像鸭的平足鸭嘴兽和矮胖的针鼹鼠。由于缺乏化石证据,关于这两组动物的进化分歧时间一直是个生物学难题。基因序列变异的检测数据曾表明,它们的分歧时间大约在1700万年前至8000万年前之间。
鸭嘴兽
(图片来源:Punchstock)
美国科学家近日利用在澳洲发现的一种远古动物下颌骨化石,找到新的证据表明,这一分歧发生的时间可能要更早一些,在一亿多年之前。相关论文发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。
这一化石属于一种名为Teinolophos的远古动物,生活于一亿多年前的澳洲。美国德州大学奥斯汀分校的Timothy Rowe和同事,利用高分辨率的X射线断层扫描技术对Teinolophos的颌骨进行了分析。
结果显示,下颌骨中有一个较大的槽,从形状和尺寸来看,都更像是鸭嘴兽而不是针鼹鼠。在现代鸭嘴兽,这一槽为它们敏感的“鸭嘴”补给神经和血液。另外,对化石牙齿的检查也揭示了更像鸭嘴兽的特征。这意味着,鸭嘴兽和针鼹鼠的分歧时间应该是在这种化石动物出现之前,也即一亿多年之前。
这一结果与分子测序估测的结果存在差异。Rowe说:“看起来像是单孔类动物具有一个缓慢的进化史。”如果确实如此,则意味着之前基因序列变异的检测人员低估了变异积累所需的时间。Rowe表示,单孔类动物代谢速度慢,代隔(generation times)时间长,这二者从理论上来说都可以降低进化变异的速度。他同时认为,单孔类动物也许根本不需要进化,因为它们的捕猎能力已经调整得非常好,比如鸭嘴兽的“鸭嘴”具有高度敏感的神经末梢,用来侦测猎物释放的电信号。
美国加州大学伯克利分校的进化生物学家David Wake认为,这一发现确实很有意义。但他对结果抱有不同意见。他说:“我不太相信它是鸭嘴兽。如果一定要将它放在进化链的某个地方,那么目前只能认为是鸭嘴兽,但是我们对其它存在过的远古单孔动物一无所知。”他提醒说,将来的化石发现将会改变它的位置(科学网 梅进/编译
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Published online before print January 22, 2008
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0705858105
NEUROSCIENCE
Action-blindsight in healthy subjects after transcranial magnetic stimulation
Mark Schram Christensen*,,, Lasse Kristiansen*, James B. Rowe,¶, and Jens Bo Nielsen*,||
*Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK-2200 København N, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom; ¶Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Science Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; and ||Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 København N, Denmark
Edited by Lawrence Weiskrantz, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved November 27, 2007 2007 (received for review June 22, 2007)
Abstract
Clinical cases of blindsight have shown that visually guided movements can be accomplished without conscious visual perception. Here, we show that blindsight can be induced in healthy subjects by using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the visual cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation blocked the conscious perception of a visual stimulus, but subjects still corrected an ongoing reaching movement in response to the stimulus. The data show that correction of reaching movements does not require conscious perception of a visual target stimulus, even in healthy people. Our results support previous results suggesting that an efference copy is involved in movement correction, and this mechanism seems to be consistent even for movement correction without perception.
consciousness | perception | reaching | efference copy