生物谷报道:提到史上生物大灭绝事件的成因,人们马上想到的就是小行星撞击或超级火山喷发。美国科学家最新研究却认为,海洋的大规模涨落才是过去5亿年间周期性生物大灭绝的主因。相关论文6月15日在线发表于《自然》(Nature)杂志上。
自35亿年前生命在地球上出现以来,科学家认为可能曾经发生过多达23次的大灭绝事件。在过去的5.4亿年间,有充分证据的大灭绝事件有5次,涉及的主要是海生植物和动物,有多达75%至95%的物种灭绝。
在最新的研究中,美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的Shanan Peters测量了保存在岩石记录中的两种主要大陆架环境类型。其中一种的沉积物由对海岸的腐蚀而成,另一种主要由碳酸钙组成,是有壳类生物通过化学过程形成的。Peters解释说:“这两种海洋环境的物理差异具有重要的生物学后果。”
在过去的数百万年间,世界上的海洋随着地壳板块的移动和气候的变化而不断扩张和收缩。历史上一些时期里,地球的辽阔区域都被浅海所覆盖,导致新物种的产生,比如恐龙时代的洪水滋生了鲨鱼和沧龙(mosasaur)。当这些浅海干涸后,沧龙等灭绝,大陆架的生物多样性环境也发生了改变。
Peters表示,这一研究并没有排除其它影响大灭绝的因素,比如小行星撞击、火山喷发以及疾病、种间竞争等生物因素,它的意义在于为地球长期史上的大灭绝事件提供了普遍联系。
美国辛辛那提大学的古生物学家Arnold I. Miller认为,这一研究是惊人的,因为它在大灭绝事件的发展速度和海平面及沉积物的变化之间建立了一种清楚的联系。他说:“这一联系使得之前轻视‘海洋生物大灭绝可能与海平面下降有关’的人要重新考虑他们的观点。”(生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Nature,doi:10.1038/nature07032,Shanan E. Peters
Environmental determinants of extinction selectivity in the fossil record
Shanan E. Peters1
Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
Correspondence to: Shanan E. Peters1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.E.P. (Email: peters@geology.wisc.edu).
The causes of mass extinctions and the nature of biological selectivity during extinction events remain central questions in palaeobiology. Although many different environmental perturbations have been invoked as extinction mechanisms1, 2, 3, it has long been recognized that fluctuations in sea level coincide with many episodes of biotic turnover4, 5, 6. Recent work supports the hypothesis that changes in the areas of epicontinental seas have influenced the macroevolution of marine animals7, 8, but the extent to which differential environmental turnover has contributed to extinction selectivity remains unknown. Here I use a new compilation of the temporal durations of sedimentary rock packages to show that carbonate and terrigenous clastic marine shelf environments have different spatio-temporal dynamics and that these dynamics predict patterns of genus-level extinction, extinction selectivity and diversity among Sepkoski's Palaeozoic and modern evolutionary faunae9. These results do not preclude a role for biological interactions or unusual physical events as drivers of macroevolution, but they do suggest that the turnover of marine shelf habitats and correlated environmental changes have been consistent determinants of extinction, extinction selectivity and the shifting composition of the marine biota during the Phanerozoic eon.