据英国每日邮报报道,最近,古生物学家揭开了一种史前“飞行”爬行动物的神秘面纱。这种名叫“库恩奥龙”(kuehneosaurs)的爬行动物生活在2.35亿年前,能够使用长有鳞片的翅膀在远古欧洲的亚热带森林里可以滑翔30多英尺距离。
古生物学家称,这种像蜥蜴的爬行动物,能够生长至2英尺长,其身体两侧肋骨延伸形成较大的滑行面。目前,科学界一致认为鸟类是0.5亿年前从史前爬行动物进化而来,而具备飞行能力的库恩奥龙很可能将是世界上最早的“鸟类”。这种灭绝的史前爬行动物最初是在上世纪50年代由英国考古学家挖掘出土的,但直到前不久它的空气动力学结构才得到科学家们的重视和深入研究。
科学家用风洞测试滑翔能力
科学家曾猜测,库恩奥龙的翅膀具有某些飞行适应能力,但是科学家一直缺乏必要的技术印证这一理论。今年初,英国布里斯托尔大学的专家小组首次调查分析了英国境内挖掘出土的两种类型库恩奥龙(kuehneosuchus和kuehneosaurus)。他们建造了真实大小的模型,并使用测试飞行器模型的技术(包括风洞测试在内)去发现它们令人惊异的飞行能力。目前,这项先驱性研究发现发表在本周出版的《古生物学》(Paleontology)期刊上,使科学家对史前有翼飞行动物的进化史有了新的认识。
负责此项研究的德国古生物学家凯恩?斯坦说,“我们并不认为库恩奥龙非常擅长于飞行,直到目前的所有工作只是推测。因此我们决定建立模型,并在布里斯托尔大学航空工程系采用风洞进行测试。令人惊讶的是,我们发现其中一种类型库恩奥龙——kuehneosuchus的空气动力学结构非常稳定,它可轻松地在树上跳跃,很容易在着地之前飞行9米(29英尺)距离。”
依靠滑翔寻找食物
库恩奥龙生活在2.35亿—2亿年前温暖的三叠纪末期,第一个该物种的骨骼化石是发现于英国布里斯托尔市附近的一个远古洞穴群内。这两种类型库恩奥龙在侏罗纪时期恐龙出现之前存活了0.8亿年,而之前科学家认为的最早期鸟类——始祖鸟生活在0.5亿年前,它们生活在现今的德国南部。
专家详细说明了库恩奥龙翅膀承受的气流变化,它们在树梢之间滑行一段距离是为了寻找食物和躲避较大的掠食动物。但是斯坦承认这种研究工作并不简单易懂,他补充称,我们在研究中也重建了蹼状四肢,以及两腿之间的附加皮肤隔膜,这将使该种动物的飞行能力不稳定,暗示着它们可能并不具备此类特征。
斯坦现工作在享有声望的德国波恩古生物学协会,他与英国布里斯托尔大学地球科学系的科林?帕默、帕梅拉?吉尔和迈克尔?本顿共同进行这项研究。地球科学系主任迈克尔?本顿教授说,“古生物学家正渴望库恩奥龙这种奇特史前物种的所有特征信息,通过结合航空工程学,我们能够确信模型制造和推测更具现实性。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Paleontology,Volume 51 Issue 4, Pages 967 - 981,KOEN STEIN, MICHAEL J. BENTON
THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE BRITISH LATE TRIASSIC KUEHNEOSAURIDAE
KOEN STEIN*†, COLIN PALMER†, PAMELA G. GILL† and MICHAEL J. BENTON†
*Institut für Paläontologie, Nußallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany; e-mail: koen_stein@yahoo.co.uk
†Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK; e-mail: mike.benton@bris.ac.uk
Copyright © The Palaeontological Association, 2008
KEYWORDS
Kuehneosauridae • Diapsida • Late Triassic • gliding • aerodynamics
ABSTRACT
Abstract: The Kuehneosauridae (Late Triassic, Britain, USA) had remarkable adaptations, most notably their elongate mid-dorsal ribs that were presumably covered with a skin membrane in life. These lateral 'wings' have always been linked with some form of gliding adaptation, but quantitative studies have been limited. Here, we provide a thorough aerodynamic analysis of both genera of British kuehneosaurids based on theory and on experiments with life-sized models in a wind tunnel. Of the two genera, Kuehneosuchus, with elongate 'wings', was a glider, and Kuehneosaurus, with much shorter 'wings', was a parachutist. Kuehneosuchus most probably had highly cambered wings and no additional skin membranes on hands or feet, nor did it have a cruropatagium. Lappets on the hyoid apparatus, as seen in Draco, were probably present to enhance pitch control. Kuehneosuchus was capable of gliding at angles (θ) between 13 and 16 degrees, at speeds between 7 and 9 m/s, and was probably very manoeuvrable when airborne. Kuehneosaurus was capable of parachuting (θ > 45 degrees) at speeds between 10 and 12 m/s. It is unclear whether the British kuehneosaurid material represents two genera, as assumed here, two species of one genus, or sexual dimorphs of a single species, where the gliding Kuehneosuchus was the male, which used its gliding and perhaps highly coloured 'wings' to display to the parachuting Kuehneosaurus.