一些动物也许在美梦中就被天敌吃掉了。当提到在野外到底有多少爱睡懒觉的家伙时,恐惧和食物恐怕是科学家最需要考虑的两个因素。
研究人员花费了几十年的时间,试图搞清哺乳动物睡眠模式之间存在的巨大差异。例如,一匹驴每天打瞌睡的时间仅仅为3个小时,而犰狳和蝙蝠每天却有20个小时是在睡梦中度过的。为了解释这一谜题,科学家提出了一个回旋的假设,即体型较小的哺乳动物需要进行更多的睡眠以保存能量并维持体温,从而为逃避食肉动物的追捕作准备。
然而要为这些理论找到足够的证据却不是一件容易事。这部分是因为大量睡眠研究都是在科学家的实验室中完成的设计、取得的结果。而对动物在野外的睡眠习性进行的研究却是凤毛麟角,这主要是由于为野生动物戴上睡眠监视器确实是一件非常困难的事。
如今,一项迄今为止最广泛的研究终于打通了这一瓶颈。由英国达勒姆大学的进化生物学家Isabella Capellini领导的一个研究小组,利用两年时间对涉及150多种动物睡眠习性的科学文献和原始信息进行了梳理。研究人员随后利用统计学工具对其进行了分析,旨在摸清到底哪些因素能够最好地解释60种最佳模式动物的睡眠习性。
最终,有两个因素浮出水面。一个因素便是来自食肉动物的威胁。如果动物在一个比较隐蔽的地方睡眠,例如洞穴或树梢,它们休息的时间便会长一些。以会挖洞的鼹鼠为例,它们的睡眠时间就比缺乏保护的啮齿动物长一些。另一个因素则是食物。动物如果需要大量吃草,例如马群,它们的睡眠时间就要短一些。研究人员在7月份出版的《进化》(Evolution)杂志上报告了这一研究成果。Capellini表示,“对动物来说,睡觉有好处但也有成本”,而了解一种动物如何在所处的环境中达到两者的平衡,将帮助从进化生物学家到环境保护主义者的每一个人有效减少濒危物种面临的压力。
研究人员同时还得出了一个令人惊讶的发现:那些在群体中睡觉的群居动物——例如食草动物的牧群——往往睡得较少,而那些单独生存的物种却没有这种现象。研究人员表示,这真的出乎人们的预料,这是因为群居生活显然提供了更多的保护,由此推理,应该有更多的睡眠时间才对。他们相信,群居的哺乳动物睡得少可能是因为它们往往都以植物为食,因此需要更多的时间寻找食物。然而Capellini表示,尚缺乏足够的证据来支持这一假设。
美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的睡眠研究人员Jerry Siegel对此表示赞同,他说:“我们确实缺乏大量必要的信息。”例如,他指出,在科学家认可这一解释之前,还需要进行更多的研究,从而掌握到底有多少睡眠中的动物真的被食肉动物所杀。而Siegel自己进行的研究则表明,某些哺乳动物通过睡眠来保存能量——这一理论得到了Capellini的最新研究的一定支持。但是Siegel也认为研究人员“要取得一些成果真的很难,并且应该以一种更加宽泛的视角开展研究”。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Evolution,Volume 62 Issue 7, Pages 1764 - 1776,Isabella Capellini,Charles L. Nunn
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN SLEEP
Isabella Capellini 1,2 , Robert A. Barton 1,3 , Patrick McNamara 4,5 , Brian T. Preston 6,7 , and Charles L. Nunn 6,8,9
1 Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, DH1 3HN Durham, United Kingdom 2 E-mail: Isabella.Capellini@durham.ac.uk 3 E-mail: R.A.Barton@dur.ac.uk 4 Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and VA New England Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130 5 E-mail: pmcnamar@verizon.net 6 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz No 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany 7 E-mail: brian.preston@eva.mpg.de 8 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 9 E-mail: nunn@eva.mpg.de
Associate Editor: F Galis
Copyright Journal compilation © 2008 The Society for the Study of Evolution
ABSTRACT
The amount of time asleep varies greatly in mammals, from 3 h in the donkey to 20 h in the armadillo. Previous comparative studies have suggested several functional explanations for interspecific variation in both the total time spent asleep and in rapid-eye movement (REM) or "quiet" (non-REM) sleep. In support of specific functional benefits of sleep, these studies reported correlations between time in specific sleep states (NREM or REM) and brain size, metabolic rate, and developmental variables. Here we show that estimates of sleep duration are significantly influenced by the laboratory conditions under which data are collected and that, when analyses are limited to data collected under more standardized procedures, traditional functional explanations for interspecific variation in sleep durations are no longer supported. Specifically, we find that basal metabolic rate correlates negatively rather than positively with sleep quotas, and that neither adult nor neonatal brain mass correlates positively with REM or NREM sleep times. These results contradict hypotheses that invoke energy conservation, cognition, and development as drivers of sleep variation. Instead, the negative correlations of both sleep states with basal metabolic rate and diet are consistent with trade-offs between sleep and foraging time. In terms of predation risk, both REM and NREM sleep quotas are reduced when animals sleep in more exposed sites, whereas species that sleep socially sleep less. Together with the fact that REM and NREM sleep quotas correlate strongly with each other, these results suggest that variation in sleep primarily reflects ecological constraints acting on total sleep time, rather than the independent responses of each sleep state to specific selection pressures. We propose that, within this ecological framework, interspecific variation in sleep duration might be compensated by variation in the physiological intensity of sleep.