尽管雄招潮蟹知道新生的螯使自己处于不利的地位,但它们依然选择战斗。
(图片提供:Tanya Detto)
一项新的研究显示,当发生领土争端时,一些雄招潮蟹通过假装的强势获得了胜利。这项研究为较早前的发现提供了佐证,即动物使用欺骗伎俩的频率远高于人们的想象。
雄招潮蟹挥舞着一支巨大的螯——即便在保卫家园的战斗中折断了,这些螯也能在不久后重新长出来。尽管新的螯看起来与最初的一样,但它们实际上要脆弱得多。雄招潮蟹其实已经注意到这只新螯的差别,因为它们更轻并且不善于完成捏或拉的动作。然而,当面对另一只挑战者时,雄招潮蟹总要装作什么也没有发生——它们会做恫吓状挥舞自己薄弱但巨大的螯。根据澳大利亚生态学家小组的研究,这种伎俩通常会奏效。研究人员在最近出版的《功能生态学》杂志上报告了这一研究成果。
研究人员在澳大利亚达尔文市捕捉了一种名为Uca mjoebergi的招潮蟹,并鉴别出了哪些蟹的螯是原生的,哪些是新生的。他们测量了这些招潮蟹的闭合力以及牵引力——在保卫领土的战斗中,入侵的一方试图将“原住民”从它们的洞穴中拉出来。研究人员随后将一些招潮蟹在它们的洞穴附近释放,并观察其他雄蟹对前者的挑战。
为了找到新的洞穴,那些无家可归且具有再生螯的招潮蟹通常会将那些螯长得比较小的蟹作为进攻的目标。大多数情况下,那些“原住民”会在毫无反抗的情况下放弃自己的家,同时也就中了入侵者的“奸计”。领导这项研究的悉尼市新南威尔士大学的进化生态学家Simon Lailvaux表示:“雄性动物的体态特征,例如螯的强度以及牵引力,是保证它们赢得胜利的关键因素,以至于当它们并不具备这样的体格时,有些雄性动物竟然会假装自己很强壮。”
然而,那些生有新螯的招潮蟹在为了保护家园而不得不与无家可归者战斗时,它们却没有别的选择。当战斗打响时,前者依然尝试使用欺骗的伎俩,然而由于螯的质量不如后者,这些招潮蟹往往会败下阵来。
在那些研究动物性选择以及交流系统的科学家中,信号中的真实性正越来越引起他们的关注。并未参与该项研究的美国查布尔希尔市北卡罗来纳大学的生物数学家Jonathan Rowell表示,类似的研究——例如针对小龙虾、牛蛙和寄居蟹的研究——一直在试图说明动物如何依靠欺骗的手段来保卫领土和吸引配偶。Rowell指出:“关键的问题是设法搞清像欺骗这样的行为模式到底是在物种中遗传的还是仅仅属于个体行为。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Functional Ecology,doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01501.x,Simon P. Lailvaux,Patricia R. Y. Backwell
Dishonest signalling of fighting ability and multiple performance traits in the fiddler crab Uca mjoebergi
Simon P. Lailvaux 1*, Leeann T. Reaney 2 and Patricia R. Y. Backwell 2
1 Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and 2 School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 0200
ABSTRACT
1. Signals used during male combat are expected to be honest indicators of fighting ability. However, recent studies show that dishonesty in male signalling is more prevalent than previously believed.
2. Here we show that regenerated (leptochelous) claws in male Uca mjoebergi fiddler crabs are not only dishonest signals of two types of whole-organism performance capacities that are likely to be useful during fights (claw closing force and pull-resisting force), but they are also less effective as weapons in situations where males are unable to bluff.
3. Original (brachychelous) male claws are statistically significant predictors (independent of body size) of both closing force and the force required to pull a male out of a tunnel. By contrast, leptochelous claw size does not convey information on those performance capacities following control for body size.
4. Furthermore, claw size affects fighting ability such that leptochelous residents are at a significant competitive disadvantage to brachychelous residents, although claw type does not affect the ability of non-resident males to win fights.
5. This study is among the first to show that male armaments can dishonestly signal performance traits that are likely important for winning fights, and is the first to show evidence for dishonest signalling of multiple components of fighting ability.