大多数的动物和人类一样,有着不同的性别。动物一出生,性别就已经确定。然而,有些动物却不是这种情况,它们的性别可以改变,它们生命的前一部分是一种性别,之后,变成另一种性别,科学家称这种现象为序列性雌雄同体。
目前关于序列性雌雄同体,科学家们已经有了一些认识,然而这种现象为什么如此罕见却仍然是一个谜题。因为根据耶鲁大学科学家的分析,序列性雌雄同体现象对生物体来说是利大于弊的。耶鲁大学的科学家在三月份的《美国博物学家》(The American Naturalist)杂志上发表评论说道,虽然序列性雌雄同体现象是由于生物进化而造成的,但是其罕见性仍然无法用是否利于生存来解释。
序列性雌雄同体一般出现在植物或者鱼类等生物体中。经过四十多年的研究,科学家对于序列性雌雄同体现象已经有了一定的了解,但是仍无法对序列性雌雄同体的罕见性做出合理解释。在耶鲁大学和美国国家科学基金会的资助下,耶鲁大学研究生艾莱姆和他的顾问苏珊阿伦佐对这个现象进行了研究。阿伦佐表示,关于这种现象一种最直观的解释是,对于绝大多数动物来说,改变性别需要花费相当多的时间和能量,因此,其无法改变性别。
为了测试改变性别是否需要花费大量的时间和能量,研究人员建立了序列性雌雄同体生物和普通生物的理论模型。在他们建立的模型中,序列性雌雄同体个体的数量随着年龄的变化而改变,而普通生物则与繁殖的后代中的男女比例有关。
阿伦佐表示,序列性雌雄同体生物30%的生命将花费在变性过程中,但是其仍能保持种族的数量,这使得我们十分惊讶。这项研究表明,变性过程需要的时间和能量是庞大的。
除此之外,研究人员还在对序列性雌雄同体生物和普通生物的交配进行研究,他们希望,这项研究能够为寻找答案提供帮助。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
The American Naturalist,DOI: 10.1086/596539,Erem Kazancioglu,Suzanne H. Alonzo
Costs of Changing Sex Do Not Explain Why Sequential Hermaphroditism Is Rare
Erem Kazancioglu* and Suzanne H. Alonzo
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
Sex change is a relatively rare phenomenon among animals. While classic theory has been successful in assessing the adaptive significance of sex change and predicting within‐species patterns, it does not explain why more animals are not sex changers. A possible explanation for the rarity of sex change is that costs such as decreased reproduction due to gonadal reconstruction favor separate sexes, or dioecy. These costs, however, have not been studied empirically or theoretically. Here, we investigate whether costs of changing sex can favor dioecy. Our analyses suggest that dioecy is favored only when costs of changing sex are large. Moreover, the fitness effect of costs and the strength of male size advantage are not static but change with the population composition, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary game between sex change and dioecy. We conclude that costs of changing sex alone are unlikely to explain the observed rarity of sex changers. Instead, assessing mating systems comparatively and quantitatively and identifying correlates selecting for and against sex change are necessary to understand why some species change sex while others do not.