在北美洲的白垩纪时期,生活着一种体型很小,能够啃霸王龙等大型恐龙脚踝的小恐龙,它们还会偷窃大型恐龙的蛋。这就是目前科学家发现的北美洲迄今发现最小的食肉恐龙——“黄昏龙”(Hesperonychus)。
科学家发现北美洲最小的食肉恐龙
黄昏龙锋利的趾状骨骼
这是一种最新发现的新物种恐龙,它是食肉性恐龙,体型比现今的家猫还小,喜欢猎捕昆虫、小型哺乳动物或陷在沼泽和森林中的动物,它们生活在0.75亿年前白垩纪末期现今加拿大艾伯特东南部地区。
它们的体重大约是2公斤,站着的身高为0.3米,它非常类似于微型版的迅猛龙(Velociraptor),它们之间的亲缘关系很近。黄昏是两腿直立行走,长着像剃刀一样的爪子,在其第二个脚趾上长着镰刀外型的爪子,它的身体很苗条,头部很小,长着匕首般的牙齿。
加拿大卡尔加里大学生物科学系古生物学副研究员尼克-朗里奇(Nick Longrich)说:“它的体型还不及现代家猫的大小,它们搜寻猎物和所吃食物主要受其体型限制,只能吃一些昆虫、小型哺乳动物、两栖动物,或许还有一些恐龙幼体。它一生中主要的时间都用于在沼泽和森林中搜寻食物。”
朗里奇指出,小型食肉恐龙在远古时期的北美洲环境非常罕见,人们之所以产生这样的观点,主要是由于现今北美洲小型食肉恐龙数量远超过大型食肉恐龙。远古时期小型食肉恐龙在生态环境中所具有的作用远超出我们对它们的认识。这项由朗里奇和艾伯特大学古生物学家菲利普-柯里(Philip Currie)共同完成的研究报告发表在3月16日出版的《美国国家科学院学报》期刊上。
据悉,早在1982年考古学家们就曾在加拿大恐龙省立公园等地收集到黄昏龙的骨骼化石,由于无法识别它属于哪种恐龙物种,就将其命名为“西部爪子”。其中一块最重要、保存非常完整的骨盆化石是由加拿大德兰赫德市皇家蒂勒尔博物馆海洋爬行动物馆长伊丽莎白-尼科尔斯(Elizabeth Nicholls)发现的。这些骨骼化石都未曾被识别,直到25年之后朗里奇将它们带到艾伯特大学进行深入研究分析,朗里奇和柯里基于爪子化石和保存完好的骨盆,最终确定了这种恐龙的物种归属。
朗里奇说:“起初我们认为这是一种恐龙幼体,虽然它的骨骼结构都非常小。但是当我们研究它的骨盆时,发现它的髋骨融合在一起,这种情况只出现在恐龙发育成熟的时期。这种恐龙是迄今在北美洲地区发现体型最小的食肉恐龙。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PNAS March 16, 2009, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811664106
A microraptorine (Dinosauria–Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America
Nicholas R. Longricha,1 and Philip J. Currieb
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4; and
bDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
The fossil assemblages of the Late Cretaceous of North America are dominated by large-bodied dinosaur species. Associated skeletons of small dinosaurs are exceedingly rare, and small (<10 kg) carnivorous theropods have not previously been reported from these beds. Here, we describe a small dromaeosaurid from the 75-million-year-old Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Hesperonychus elizabethae gen. et sp. nov. is represented by a pelvic girdle from an animal weighing ≈1,900 g. Despite its size, the pubes and ilia are coossified, indicating that the animal was somatically mature. This is the smallest carnivorous, nonavian dinosaur known from North America. Phylogenetic analysis of Hesperonychus reveals that it is not closely related to previously described North American dromaeosaurids. Instead, Hesperonychus is a member of the dromaeosaurid clade Microraptorinae, a group containing the 4-winged Microraptor and the feathered Sinornithosaurus, both from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of China. Hesperonychus is the youngest known member of this lineage, extending the temporal range of the clade by 45 million years, and it is the first microraptorine known from North America, providing further evidence for an affinity between the dinosaur faunas of North America and Asia. Study of fossil collections from the Dinosaur Park and Oldman formations of Alberta has revealed numerous isolated bones of small, basal dromaeosaurids, which are tentatively referred to Hesperonychus. These fossils suggest that small dromaeosaurids were a significant component of the carnivore community in this Late Cretaceous biota.