猫咪发出的“咕噜咕噜”的喉音可是有讲究的。一项新的研究表明,我们的猫科朋友在寻找食物时会改变它们的标志音,并加入了一种类似于婴儿啼哭的高频音质,从而使得这种叫声很难被忽略。
尽管豚鼠甚至大象都会发出咕噜咕噜的声音,但由猫发出的这种神秘的声音无疑给人留下了最深刻的印象。这种低低的呼噜声——大约为27赫兹,相当于一架钢琴发出的最低音符——听起来就像是一种笑声,通常都意味着满足。有时当一只猫患病或受伤时,这种声音也会突然出现,多半是为了自我安慰,寻求帮助,或者是加速自愈过程。
英国布赖顿市苏赛克斯大学的行为生态学家Karen McComb如今发现了这种声音的另一个功能——为了吃到早餐,她养的小猫Pepo每天清晨都会用坚持不懈的喉音叫她起床。McComb在向其他几位养猫的朋友“哭诉”错过的好梦时获悉,他们也曾被宠物饥饿时发出的“咕噜咕噜”声叫醒。作为一名动物交流专家,McComb开始研究是什么让这些特别的呼噜声如此难以抗拒。
她招募了10位猫主来记录宠物觅食,以及休息或玩耍时发出的喉音。接下来,McComb和同事邀请50位具有不同养猫经验的志愿者倾听这些喉音的录音,并依据紧迫程度为它们分类。与同一只猫发出的并不迫切的喉音相比,75%的志愿者——包括一些从未养过猫的人——始终认为寻找食物的焦虑呼噜声听起来更加急迫,并且更让人不舒服。
声学分析揭示了其中的奥秘:这些迫切的呼噜声中隐藏了一种高频的猫叫,其频率类似于人类婴儿的啼哭声。呼噜声越大,听者便会觉得越紧急。当McComb删除了高频的猫叫,并将剩下的喉音完好无损地放给志愿者听后,人们便都觉得呼噜声没有之前那么紧急了。她和同事在7月14日出版的《当代生物学》(Current Biology)杂志上报告了这一研究成果。
从事猫如何发出喉音研究的美国路易斯安那州新奥尔良市Tulane大学的生物医学工程师David Rice表示,猫夸大它们的喉音可能还有其他的动机。例如,更高的频率能够帮助声音更远的传播。
Rice说,无论如何,这项研究支持了这样一种观点,即猫在训练它们的主人,而非相反的走势。他说:“猫是一种相当聪明的动物,它们很快便会知道什么有用以及什么没用。”得克萨斯州A&M大学的兽医Bonnie Beaver对此表示赞同。她说:“这是一个反复试验认知的经典案例。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Current Biology, 14 July 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.033
The cry embedded within the purr
Karen McComb1,,Anna M. Taylor1,Christian Wilson1andBenjamin D. Charlton2
1 Centre for Mammal Vocal Communication Research, Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
2 Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, GA 30315-1440, USA
Summary
Despite widespread interest in inter-specific communication, few studies have examined the abilities of companion animals to communicate with humans in what has become their natural environment the human home [1,2]. Here we report how domestic cats make subtle use of one of their most characteristic vocalisations purring to solicit food from their human hosts, apparently exploiting sensory biases that humans have for providing care. When humans were played purrs recorded while cats were actively seeking food at equal amplitude to purrs recorded in non-solicitation contexts, even individuals with no experience of owning cats judged the solicitation purrs to be more urgent and less pleasant. Embedded within the naturally low-pitched purr, we found a high frequency voiced component, reminiscent of a cry or meow, that was crucial in determining urgency and pleasantness ratings. Moreover, when we re-synthesised solicitation purrs to remove only the voiced component, paired presentations revealed that these purrs were perceived as being significantly less urgent. We discuss how the structure of solicitation purrs may be exploiting an inherent mammalian sensitivity to acoustic cues relevant in the context of nurturing offspring.