生活在肯尼亚Samburu国家保护区的象群开始在它们的社会结构中接纳非亲缘关系的同类。
图片提供:George Wittemyer
在大象的社会里,没有什么比家庭更重要。从跟随妈妈旅行到包含了姑妈和表弟的大家族,这种生物的复杂社会结构的所有片段都以由亲戚构成为特征。然而当这些庞然大物被人类杀得七零八落时,它们的种群又会发生哪些变化呢?新的研究表明,没有血缘关系的大象有时也会聚在一起,从而保证它们的社会种群能够繁衍下去。
这一发现源自对生活在肯尼亚Samburu国家保护区的400多头大象的一次调查。在上世纪70年代,由于象牙偷猎者的捕杀,许多象群损失了近3/4的成员。直到今天,这些象群依然很容易受到游牧部落、农民以及其他人非法捕杀。
那么这种破坏到底对生活在Samburu的象群的社会结构造成了哪些影响?为了找到问题的答案,美国柯林斯堡市科罗拉多州立大学的保护生物学家George Wittemyer和同事对这些生物展开了长达5年的研究。通过对新鲜的粪便样本进行脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)测序分析,研究人员确定了大象彼此之间的遗传关系。研究人员发现,当他们着眼于这个社会中最大的两个象群时——它们被称为“克兰”和“邦德”,其中的许多大象都已经开始接纳那些非亲缘关系的同类了。
Wittemyer表示,大象或许乐于接受“外人”进入它们的“圈子”,从而确保象群拥有搜集食物和保护自身所需的临界规模。他说:“这一发现意味着对大象的非法猎杀能够腐蚀象群社会结构的遗传基础,但却未必能够撼动它们的社会组织。”参与该项研究的英国牛津大学的动物学家Iain Douglas-Hamilton同时还负责肯尼亚拯救大象慈善组织的工作,他认为这项研究“帮助我们认识到因偷猎导致的死亡率上升正在使大象的种群遭到破坏,但它们同时却能够适应并恢复其固有的社会结构”。研究人员在7月15日的英国《皇家学会学报B》上报告了这一研究成果。
然而从事大象种群研究的华盛顿大学保护生物学中心的野生动植物学家Kathleen Gobush表示,与非亲缘关系的同类融合将付出“一个长期的代价”。Gobush和同事在一项短期研究中于坦桑尼亚Mikumi国家公园发现了类似的由非亲缘关系构成的象群——偷猎者在1989年禁止象牙交易之前将这里3/4的大象捕杀殆尽。在另一项即将发表的研究中,Gobush找到了一些证据,表明这种混合在由亲缘和非亲缘关系构成的象群中导致了“巨大的行为差异”。她说,例如,与由单一血缘构成的象群相比,混合象群在水潭边往往会表现出更大的侵略性。
还有一些大象专家则表示,他们对这一发现很感兴趣,但还需要看看在其他象群中进行的类似研究的结果。在纳米比亚从事大象研究的美国加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托市斯坦福大学的生态学家Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell表示:“很高兴能够从其他遭到破坏的象群中得到这样的数据,从而使我们有机会搞清这种模式是动物固有的,还仅仅是有其他解释的一个局部现象。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Proc. R. Soc. B July 15, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0941
Where sociality and relatedness diverge: the genetic basis for hierarchical social organization in African elephants
George Wittemyer1,2,3,4,*, John B. A. Okello2,5, Henrik B. Rasmussen3,4, Peter Arctander6, Silvester Nyakaana2, Iain Douglas-Hamilton3,7 and Hans R. Siegismund4
1Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
2Molecular Biology Laboratory, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda
3Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
4Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen ?, Denmark
5McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L9, Canada
6Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
7Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
Hierarchical properties characterize elephant fission–fusion social organization whereby stable groups of individuals coalesce into higher order groups or split in a predictable manner. This hierarchical complexity is rare among animals and, as such, an examination of the factors driving its emergence offers unique insight into the evolution of social behaviour. Investigation of the genetic basis for such social affiliation demonstrates that while the majority of core social groups (second-tier affiliates) are significantly related, this is not exclusively the case. As such, direct benefits received through membership of these groups appear to be salient to their formation and maintenance. Further analysis revealed that the majority of groups in the two higher social echelons (third and fourth tiers) are typically not significantly related. The majority of third-tier members are matrilocal, carrying the same mtDNA control region haplotype, while matrilocality among fourth-tier groups was slightly less than expected at random. Comparison of results to those from a less disturbed population suggests that human depredation, leading to social disruption, altered the genetic underpinning of social relations in the study population. These results suggest that inclusive fitness benefits may crystallize elephant hierarchical social structuring along genetic lines when populations are undisturbed. However, indirect benefits are not critical to the formation and maintenance of second-, third- or fourth-tier level bonds, indicating the importance of direct benefits in the emergence of complex, hierarchical social relations among elephants. Future directions and conservation implications are discussed.