蛇、昆虫和鱼等很多动物会通过伪装来避开天敌的进攻。但是,发表在《新植物学家》杂志上的一份研究报告指出,新西兰的一些树也进化出一种类似的伪装本领,保护自己免受现已灭绝的大鸟的伤害,这为植物存在这种生存战略提供了第一份证据。
该研究首席研究人员、新西兰惠灵顿市维多利亚大学凯文·伯恩斯说:“很多食草动物以植物为食,作为回应,植物进化出多种防御方法来对抗天敌,如长出荆棘以及分泌有害化学物等。一般情况下,动物常使用色彩来躲避天敌,但是,之前科学家一直未发现植物以色彩来伪装的证据。”
伯恩斯的研究小组研究了五加科树的树叶,这是新西兰土生土长的一种异形胚芽树种。从萌芽到成熟,这种树要经历几种特别的颜色的变化,现在这些颜色的变化被认为是它们的一种伪装策略,用于防御天敌恐鸟。这种天敌现已灭绝。
人类到来之前,新西兰没有本土陆上哺乳动物,但这里是恐鸟的家园。恐鸟是一种巨大的不会飞的鸟,是现代的鸵鸟的近亲,它是食物链中最高的食草动物。但是,750年前恐鸟已经从这个世界上灭绝。
五加科树有几种防御方法,研究组发现,这些防御方式与历史上曾存在的恐鸟有关。小树苗长出的是小而窄的叶子,在人眼看来有些斑驳。小树会长出更大、更长的叶子,带有刺齿。幼苗树叶斑驳的颜色类似树叶上的杂质,这让恐鸟很难分辨。这种特殊的颜色可能还会降低树叶显出轮廓的可能性,使得这种伪装树叶看起来象斑驳日光照射下的森林地面。
恐鸟没有牙齿,它们是把树叶含在嘴里使用头部力量折断树叶而吞食树叶。五加科树长出的这种长而硬的树叶让恐鸟很难下咽。最大的恐鸟约高300厘米,五加科树一旦超过这个高度它们就会长出大小、形状和颜色正常的树叶,不再伪装。
为了证明这种防御与恐鸟曾经的存在有关,研究小组比较了五加科树叶和查塔姆群岛上一种类似的树P chathamicus的树叶样本,这种树生长在新西兰东部800公里处。与新西兰不同的是,这个岛上没有如恐鸟在内的大型食草动物,因此这种植物没有进化学会防御恐鸟的方法。
伯恩斯说:“查塔姆群岛上的物种显示了在树苗和成树之间的较少的形态变化。如果说这种色彩变化是为了应对新西兰恐鸟曾经的存在而进化的,那么在没有恐鸟的时候它们的这种反应就会减少。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
New Phytologist 14 Jul 2009
Ontogenetic colour changes in an insular tree species: signalling to extinct browsing birds?
Nik Fadzly 1 , Cameron Jack 1 , H. Martin Schaefer 2 and K. C. Burns 1
1 School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand ; 2 Faculty of Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
ABSTRACT
Animals often use colours to hide from predators (crypsis) or advertise defences (aposematism), but there is little evidence for colour-based defence in plants.
Here, we test whether ontogenetic changes in leaf colour of lancewood (Pseudopanax crassifolius) may have been part of a defensive strategy against flightless browsing birds called moa, which were once the only large herbivores in New Zealand. We tested this hypothesis by conducting spectrographic measurements on different-sized plants grown in a common garden. We also compared these results with observations on a closely related, derived species that evolved in the absence of moa on the Chatham Islands.
Spectrographic analyses showed that birds would have difficulty distinguishing seedling leaves against a background of leaf litter. Conversely, brightly coloured tissues flanking spines on sapling leaves are highly conspicuous to birds. Once above the reach of the tallest known moa, adults produce leaves that are typical in appearance to adult leaves. The Chatham Island species lacks ontogenetic colour changes entirely.
Overall, the results indicate that P. crassifolius goes through a remarkable series of colour changes during development, from cryptically coloured seedlings to aposematically coloured saplings, which may have formed a defensive strategy to protect against giant browsing birds.