“金蝉脱壳”是人们熟知的一种生命现象,自然界中许多动物都有这种换壳的本领。浙江大学化学系教授唐睿康带领团队的最新研究发现,这种“换壳”过程是受一个“开关”控制的:在“关”的信号下,矿物在体内储存并为新壳准备,而当“开”的信号一出现,新壳就快速生成。这一发现为科学家进一步研究仿生控制功能提供了一个样本,让生物材料的制备变得更加可控。
相关论文Magnesium-aspartate-based Crystallization Switch Inspired from Shell Molt of Crustacean(受甲壳动物换壳启发基于镁-天冬氨酸的结晶开关)发表在12月7日《美国科学院院报》上。
课题组选取了日常环境中常见的甲壳动物——卷甲虫(俗称“西瓜虫”)作为生物模型。卷甲虫一生要经历数次换壳。此前的研究发现,在换壳前体内的参与成壳的碳酸钙处于一种非晶态,而在镁离子的作用下,这些不稳定的非晶态的碳酸钙保持在一种“亚稳定状态”,从而可以作为矿化前体在生物体内富集并存贮,为新壳的快速生成作好物质准备,这个生物准备期要持续2周左右。但是,生物怎么能够精确地启动换壳程序,使矿物从“亚稳定状态”在短时间内完成结晶,对科学家来说是一个谜。
唐睿康的课题组找到了这个“开关”。他们对处于换壳时期的卷甲虫进行了研究,发现富含酸性氨基酸如天冬氨酸的蛋白质是另一个关键的信号。在它的作用下,卷甲虫立即启动换壳过程,促使处于准备状态的矿物质前体迅速走向“稳定状态”从而形成新壳,在自然状态下,这个过程在短短的数小时之内完成。
“事实上,镁离子和酸性蛋白质共同构成了一个生物界中‘开关’。”唐睿康解释说,动物的换壳过程可以理解为一个“结晶”的过程,矿物质在这个过程中经历了非稳定态、亚稳定态和稳定态。镁离子是一个“关”的信号,暂时关闭了结晶过程,延长了碳酸钙非结晶状态;而酸性蛋白是一个“开”的信号,它的出现结束了矿物的非结晶状态,促发了矿物质的迅速结晶。课题组通过镁和酸性氨基酸在实验室里成功地演示了这个结晶开关,还证明了这一原理还存在于磷酸钙体系,具有普适性。
唐睿康说,人类在制备生物材料时可以从中获得灵感,制造出一种“仿生开关”,这样,生物材料的合成就可以变得更加可控,制造出各种结构、形态和功能的生物材料。这样的“开关”原理也可以进一步发展用于控制人体内的生理性矿化过程,如骨、牙的形成及病理性矿化如结石、血管钙化等。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PNAS December 10, 2009, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909040106
Magnesium-aspartate-based crystallization switch inspired from shell molt of crustacean
Jinhui Tao, Dongming Zhou, Zhisen Zhang, Xurong Xu and Ruikang Tang1
Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
Many animals such as crustacean periodically undergo cyclic molt of the exoskeleton. During this process, amorphous calcium mineral phases are biologically stabilized by magnesium and are reserved for the subsequent rapid formation of new shell tissue. However, it is a mystery how living organisms can regulate the transition of the precursor phases precisely. We reveal that the shell mineralization from the magnesium stabilized precursors is associated with the presence of Asp-rich proteins. It is suggested that a cooperative effect of magnesium and Asp-rich compound can result into a crystallization switch in biomineralization. Our in vitro experiments confirm that magnesium increases the lifetime of amorphous calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate in solution so that the crystallization can be temporarily switched off. Although Asp monomer alone inhibits the crystallization of pure amorphous calcium minerals, it actually reduces the stability of the magnesium-stabilized precursors to switch on the transformation from the amorphous to crystallized phases. These modification effects on crystallization kinetics can be understood by an Asp-enhanced magnesium desolvation model. The interesting magnesium-Asp-based switch is a biologically inspired lesson from nature, which can be developed into an advanced strategy to control material fabrications.