研究者通过分析DNA,发现新疆的古人类群体“楼兰人”属于东亚人群(黄种人)和欧洲人群(白种人)的混合体,这说明东西方人类文化交流可上溯至4000年前。这一研究成果公布在BMC Biology杂志上。
研究人员从2003年开始就在中亚、新疆发现了大量古尸,其中最受瞩目的就是“楼兰美女”。从外表特征看,“楼兰美女”是北欧人的脸部特征,多年来,在新疆小河墓地附近出土的“楼兰美女”古尸引来社会大众无限遐想。这位生前金发碧眼的白种美女究竟是谁?
在这篇文章中,研究人员在新疆罗布泊附近的小河墓地成功地提取了距今4000余年的20具“楼兰古尸”的DNA样本。通过DNA测试,研究者发现,这些“楼兰人”中绝大部分单倍体呈现C型,具备东亚人群特征;同时,他们也具有欧洲人群DNA特征。新疆的古人类群体“楼兰人”属于东亚人群(黄种人)和欧洲人群(白种人)的混合体。这项研究成果表明,东西方人类文化交流可上溯至4000年前。
先进的基因检测技术正是“楼兰千古之谜”破解密码,通过DNA可以明确,尽管出土的楼兰古尸多具有典型西方体质特征,但他们都具有东方血统。这项发现意义重大,因为,全世界的学者都在关注这样一个话题——“东方到底在什么时候遇到了西方?”东西方文化始于何时?一般认为,西汉时张骞出使西域、开辟丝绸之路的“凿空之举”是东西方交流的发端。
在小河墓地遗址南边发现的且末遗址距今2500年到3000年,此次研究人员成功解读了52个古尸样本中的35个样本DNA,除了线粒体以外,发现墓地遗址发掘的18具男尸的Y染色体是R1a1a型,这一型是中亚土著类型,而且当地古代居民也具有东西混合的血统。因此从2500年至4000年前的新疆古代居民是东西欧亚大陆人群的混合人群,东西方交流最迟在那时起就已开始,而且和不少人宣称的新疆古代人属于欧洲人这一观点恰恰相反的是,新疆人4000年前就已具有东亚人的特征了。
遗传规律显示,C型线粒体是东亚人的“专属”。尽管某些个体在外形特征上无法看出东方特征,但是线粒体还是可能记录着东方来源。以新疆楼兰地区出土的著名“楼兰美女”为例,尽管容貌复原图显示,其面部特征为标准的西方美女,DNA检测却揭示出她身上明显的东方遗传特征。
不过研究人员也指出,新疆古代居民和现在的新疆少数民族并不是同一人种。现代的我国新疆少数民族如维吾尔族和哈萨克族等都为迁徙而来,而新疆古代居民到底去了哪里至今仍是个谜,有待更深入的研究。由于基因检测数据需进一步核实,目前对于“楼兰美女”的具体研究还在进行之中。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
BMC Biology 2010, 8:15doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15
Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age
Chunxiang Li1,2 , Hongjie Li2 , Yinqiu Cui1,2 , Chengzhi Xie2 , Dawei Cai1 , Wenying Li3 , Victor H Mair4 , Zhi Xu5 , Quanchao Zhang1 , Idelisi Abuduresule3 , Li Jin4 , Hong Zhu1 and Hui Zhou1,2
1 Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
2 College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, PR China
3 Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute, ürümchi 830000, PR China
4 Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
5 Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Center for Anthropological Studies, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
Background
The Tarim Basin, located on the ancient Silk Road, played a very important role in the history of human migration and cultural communications between the West and the East. However, both the exact period at which the relevant events occurred and the origins of the people in the area remain very obscure. In this paper, we present data from the analyses of both Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) derived from human remains excavated from the Xiaohe cemetery, the oldest archeological site with human remains discovered in the Tarim Basin thus far.
Results
Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Xiaohe people carried both the East Eurasian haplogroup (C) and the West Eurasian haplogroups (H and K), whereas Y chromosomal DNA analysis revealed only the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a in the male individuals.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrated that the Xiaohe people were an admixture from populations originating from both the West and the East, implying that the Tarim Basin had been occupied by an admixed population since the early Bronze Age. To our knowledge, this is the earliest genetic evidence of an admixed population settled in the Tarim Basin.