澳大利亚科学家从鸟类蛋壳化石中成功提取出DNA样本,为复原象鸟、恐鸟等已经灭绝的巨鸟奠定了基础,距离科幻大片《侏罗纪公园》所描述的场景又近了一步。
研究人员表示,成功从蛋壳中提取DNA样本,“在考古学和古生物学研究领域均具有重大意义”。澳大利亚莫道克大学生物学家夏洛特·奥斯卡姆(Charlotte Oskam)和同事表示,蛋壳是一种具有良好遗传物质恢复性的薄膜,在世界各地的化石沉积物中经常被发现,而他们从蛋壳中提取DNA样本的研究在全球范围内尚属首例。研究结果刊登在英国《皇家学会学报B辑—生物科学》(Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences)上。
奥斯卡姆的研究小组通过先进的激光技术,利用绿色荧光染料在显微镜下锁定DNA“热区”。他们说:“我们的研究显示,遗传物质保存于蛋壳母体中,利用显微镜技术成功拍下DNA照片。通过最新技术,我们可以从各种各样的蛋壳化石中提取DNA样本,包括已经灭绝的恐鸟、象鸟以及具有1.9万年历史的鸸鹋(亦称澳洲鸵鸟)。”
象鸟站高10英尺(约合3.05米),重1000磅(约合454公斤),是鸵鸟和鸸鹋的近亲,也是迄今曾在地球上出现的最大鸟类。腿部粗壮,颈部长而有力,身体覆盖竖立的、像头发一样的羽毛,就像鸸鹋一样,喙部类似宽头长矛。象鸟进化时恰逢鸟类统治地球的辉煌时期,可能在马达加斯加岛生活了6000万年之久,直至17世纪灭绝。虽然模样吓人,象鸟其实是食草动物,只吃植物。
恐鸟是另一种不会飞的巨鸟,曾经生活在新西兰,由于遭到当地土著人的大肆捕杀,它们终在18世纪从地球上消失。鸸鹋是世界现存的第二大鸟类,已在澳大利亚生活了8000万年之久,主要分布于沙漠、森林和平原地区。奥斯卡姆和同事表示:“我们成功从在新西兰、马达加斯加岛和澳大利亚发现的远古鸟类蛋壳中提取出DNA样本。我们的数据表明这些样本保存极为完好。”
鸟类蛋壳具有良好的遗传物质恢复性,可以有效承受氧气和水的侵蚀,而氧气和水是造成DNA破坏的主要原因。研究人员补充说:“这项研究首次证明古代DNA分子能够完好保存于鸟类蛋壳化石中。显然,蛋壳母体中保存的生物分子可以是以前未得到确认和利用的DNA来源,对这些DNA来源的特征描述对考古学和古生物学以及古物保存和法医应用都具有重大意义。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.2019
Fossil avian eggshell preserves ancient DNA
Charlotte L. Oskam1, James Haile2,3, Emma McLay1, Paul Rigby4, Morten E. Allentoft1,5, Maia E. Olsen3, Camilla Bengtsson3, Gifford H. Miller6,7, Jean-Luc Schwenninger8, Chris Jacomb9, Richard Walter9, Alexander Baynes10, Joe Dortch11, Michael Parker-Pearson12, M. Thomas P. Gilbert3, Richard N. Holdaway5, Eske Willerslev3 and Michael Bunce1,*
Owing to exceptional biomolecule preservation, fossil avian eggshell has been used extensively in geochronology and palaeodietary studies. Here, we show, to our knowledge, for the first time that fossil eggshell is a previously unrecognized source of ancient DNA (aDNA). We describe the successful isolation and amplification of DNA from fossil eggshell up to 19 ka old. aDNA was successfully characterized from eggshell obtained from New Zealand (extinct moa and ducks), Madagascar (extinct elephant birds) and Australia (emu and owl). Our data demonstrate excellent preservation of the nucleic acids, evidenced by retrieval of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from many of the samples. Using confocal microscopy and quantitative PCR, this study critically evaluates approaches to maximize DNA recovery from powdered eggshell. Our quantitative PCR experiments also demonstrate that moa eggshell has approximately 125 times lower bacterial load than bone, making it a highly suitable substrate for high-throughput sequencing approaches. Importantly, the preservation of DNA in Pleistocene eggshell from Australia and Holocene deposits from Madagascar indicates that eggshell is an excellent substrate for the long-term preservation of DNA in warmer climates. The successful recovery of DNA from this substrate has implications in a number of scientific disciplines; most notably archaeology and palaeontology, where genotypes and/or DNA-based species identifications can add significantly to our understanding of diets, environments, past biodiversity and evolutionary processes.