在非洲乌干达基巴莱国家公园的热带雨林中,一只年轻的雌性黑猩猩好像“收养”了一根树枝。它将树枝紧紧抱在怀中,并且走到哪儿就带到哪儿。
这是人们首次在野生动物世界中发现这种行为。在一项新的研究中,研究人员认为这种怀抱树枝的行为可能类似于人类儿童玩洋娃娃。研究人员还观察到,这种行为在雌性黑猩猩中要常见得多,因此他们认为有些针对特定性别的行为是出自本能的。
观察黑猩猩可是件苦差事。美国哈佛大学的灵长类动物学家Richard Wrangham和他的同事每天要花上12个小时的时间,在浓密的雨林里追踪一个由68只黑猩猩组成的族群,并且大多数时间他们都得蹲伏在植被后面。
在研究期间,他们大约观察到了300次黑猩猩捡树枝的行为。在这些行为中,有40%的时候,它们把树枝抱在臂弯里或腹部和大腿形成的空间里,尽管其他时候它们只是用树枝来戳弄大树或者彼此打架。
超过75%怀抱树枝的行为发生在雌性黑猩猩身上,研究者将这一结果在线发表在12月20日出版的《当代生物学》(Current Biology)上。研究人员还发现,雌性黑猩猩将树枝作为工具的几率是雄性黑猩猩的10倍以上,这是人们首次发现了两个性别之间如此大的差距。
Wrangham说,黑猩猩怀抱树枝的行为让他想起了女孩玩洋娃娃游戏的样子。由于当了母亲的黑猩猩从不玩树枝,因此年轻的黑猩猩可能并非是从自己的母亲那里学到的这种行为。与之恰恰相反,这种行为可能是与生俱来的。
由于黑猩猩和人类在演化上的亲缘关系,Wrangham认为人类儿童玩洋娃娃以及其他针对特定性别的行为可能也是出于本能。
但Rebecca Jordan-Young觉得Wrangham的结论演绎得过头了,她是美国纽约市巴纳德学院的一名社会医疗科学家,主攻性、性别等方面的研究。Jordan-Young并不认为人们从这项研究中能够对性别之间天生的差异进行全面的解释。她说研究人员不能排除雌性黑猩猩怀抱树枝的行为是从其他同龄雌性的行为中模仿的可能性。这也许是黑猩猩文化里的一种“时尚”。
除此之外,Jordan-Young还质疑论文作者将携带洋娃娃的行为置于重要地位的必要性。她说,令人感兴趣的只有雌性黑猩猩比雄性更多地使用工具这一事实,但这一结果并没有占据整个研究的首要位置。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Current Biology doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.024
Sex differences in chimpanzees' use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children
Sonya M. Kahlenberg1 and Richard W. Wrangham2, ,
1 Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA
2 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Summary
Sex differences in children's toy play are robust and similar across cultures [1,2]. They include girls tending to play more with dolls and boys more with wheeled toys and pretend weaponry. This pattern is explained by socialization by elders and peers, male rejection of opposite-sex behavior and innate sex differences in activity preferences that are facilitated by specific toys [1]. Evidence for biological factors is controversial but mounting. For instance, girls who have been exposed to high fetal androgen levels are known to make relatively masculine toy choices [3]. Also, when presented with sex-stereotyped human toys, captive female monkeys play more with typically feminine toys, whereas male monkeys play more with masculine toys [1]. In human and nonhuman primates, juvenile females demonstrate a greater interest in infants, and males in rough-and-tumble play. This sex difference in activity preferences parallels adult behavior and may contribute to differences in toy play [1]. Here, we present the first evidence of sex differences in use of play objects in a wild primate, in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We find that juveniles tend to carry sticks in a manner suggestive of rudimentary doll play and, as in children and captive monkeys, this behavior is more common in females than in males.