加拿大科学家研究认为,某些工业产品中含有的银纳米粒子对一些生活在北极极地土壤中有益的细菌来说毒性非常大。科学家发现,将一定数量的银纳米粒子加入取自北极极地的土壤中后,会造成土壤中的许多种类的细菌数量减少,还会使一种有益的慢生菌全部消失。科学家担心纳米粒子进入自然环境可能破坏土壤生态系统。相关文章发表在最新一期出版的《有害材料期刊》杂志上。
银纳米粒子作为抗微生物剂被大量用于防臭袜和T恤衫等日用消费品中。据统计,目前市场上有1300多种产品含有纳米粒子,这些产品包括不粘锅、织物柔软剂、长毛绒玩具以及某些食物和饮料等。参与此项研究工作的加拿大女王大学生物学家维吉尼亚·沃克表示,该研究成果有助于促请人们重新考虑如何更加安全使用纳米粒子。
沃克称,全球每年生产出数百万吨纳米粒子,其中不少最终将进入到环境中,他们的研究工作就是想找出这些纳米粒子到底对土壤中的细菌有何影响。
研究小组在加拿大极地地区收集了土壤样品,他们认为极地地区无人居住,因此土壤还未受到纳米粒子的污染。研究人员分析了这些土壤中的脂肪酸和DNA(脱氧核糖核酸),以确定土壤中含有哪些细菌。然后,研究人员将土壤与银、铜、硅等纳米粒子分别混合,使其含量达到土壤重量的0.066%。半年后,他们对土壤样品中的脂肪酸和DNA再次进行了分析,并将结果与未含纳米粒子的土壤样品进行比较。他们发现,铜和硅纳米粒子对土壤的影响不大;但是在掺入银纳米粒子的土壤中,一种称为Bradyrhizobium canariense的慢生细菌完全消失了,大多数其他细菌的数量也降低了,细菌DNA的总数量下降了44%,只有一种叫Bacillales的细菌其数量有所增加,而这种细菌的生存能力向来就非常强。
研究人员非常关注这种慢生细菌的消失,因为它是一种固氮细菌,对植物从土壤里吸收氮非常有用。而在实验室试验中,他们再次确认了这种慢生细菌比其他细菌更易受到银纳米粒子的负面影响。即便是面对低于土壤里10倍量的纯纳米粒子,这种细菌都会立即死亡。
研究人员因此担心,银纳米粒子的影响可能破坏极地区域的生物地理化学循环。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Journal of Hazardous Materials doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.005
Perturbation of an arctic soil microbial community by metal nanoparticles
Niraj Kumara, Vishal Shahb and Virginia K. Walker
Abstract
Technological advances allowing routine nanoparticle (NP) manufacture have enabled their use in electronic equipment, foods, clothing and medical devices. Although some NPs have antibacterial activity, little is known about their environmental impact and there is no information on the influence of NPs on soil in the possibly vulnerable ecosystems of polar regions. The potential toxicity of 0.066% silver, copper or silica NPs on a high latitude (> 78 °N) soil were determined using community level physiological profiles (CLPP), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) assays and DNA analysis, including sequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results of these different investigations were amalgamated in order to develop a community toxicity indicator, which revealed that of the three NPs examined, silver NPs could be classified as highly toxic to these arctic consortia. Subsequent culture-based studies confirmed that one of the community-identified plant-associating bacteria, Bradyrhizobium canariense, appeared to have a marked sensitivity to silver NPs. Thus, NP contamination of arctic soils particularly by silver NPs is a concern and procedures for mitigation and remediation of such pollution should be a priority for investigation.
Keywords: microbial diversity; nanoparticles; microcosms; DGGE; Microbial Community Toxicity Indicator; ecotoxicity