近日,科学家们对美冠鹦鹉的线粒体基因组进行了测序,发现这种产自澳洲的鸟类有着令人惊讶的进化史。这项研究应用了DNA测序和化石材料,发现那些拥有相似外形的鹦鹉未必有相近的亲缘关系,并对前人得到的美冠鹦鹉谱系提出了修改意见。相关研究发表在《分子进化及系统发育》(Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution)杂志上。
“我们的研究结果再次证明,表型分类法未必准确,分类的关键在DNA分子,”研究的承担者,来自澳洲莫道克大学(Murdoch University)的N.White说。“之前还有研究将鸟类行为作为分类依据,这种方法和DNA方法是不可同日而语的。”
美冠鹦鹉属于鹦形目(Psittaciformes),这是一个高度分化的类群,鹦形目分为三个科:啄羊鹦鹉科(Nestoridae)、凤头鹦鹉科(Cacatuidae)和 鹦鹉科(Psittacidae),其中美冠鹦鹉属于凤头鹦鹉科。鹦形目内部的分化情况过去是一个富有争议的问题,因为由分子生物学技术得到的谱系和化石记录所得到的分化时间并不相同。
“在几个关于鹦鹉类演化的研究中,人们认为啄羊鹦鹉从鹦形目主流中分开的时间,和新西兰岛脱离澳大利亚的时间相同——都是在8200万年前的白垩纪晚期。”瑞士伯尔尼自然历史博物馆的鸟类学家M.Schweizer说。“该研究使用了化石记录和可靠的分析技术,发现其实现代鹦鹉的分化时间很晚,大约在始新世中晚期。”
White的研究小组使用了40种线粒体基因组(包括5种新测定的美冠鹦鹉基因组)和多种化石材料,对前人推断的鹦形目谱系进行了修改和校正。她认为,4千万年前澳大利亚和南极大陆分开时,美冠鹦鹉才从鹦形目主干中分离出来。
研究小组着重考察了风头鹦鹉科内部的分化,对前人的结论提出了挑战:以前认为,产自昆士兰约克角半岛(Cape York Peninsula)的黑葵花鹦鹉(black palmcockatoo)是美冠鹦鹉类群的最早共同祖先,但研究小组的结论推翻了这一看法。
“学界普遍认为黑葵花鹦鹉是所有美冠鹦鹉的祖先,但它其实是谱系上的一个侧枝。”她说。“另外,羽毛颜色跟谱系也没有关系。”
中新世-上新世过渡时期,鹦鹉的多样性显著增加。在那时,澳洲雨林面积减小,取而代之的是开阔的草地。气候和生境的变化可能驱动了美冠鹦鹉的分化。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011
The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)
Nicole E. Whitea, , , Matthew J. Phillipsb, M. Thomas P. Gilbertc, Alonzo Alfaro-Nú?ezc, Eske Willerslevc, Peter R. Mawsond, Peter B.S. Spencera and Michael Buncea, ,
Abstract
Cockatoos are the distinctive family Cacatuidae, a major lineage of the order of parrots (Psittaciformes) and distributed throughout the Australasian region of the world. However, the evolutionary history of cockatoos is not well understood. We investigated the phylogeny of cockatoos based on three mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA genes obtained from 16 of 21 species of Cacatuidae. In addition, five novel mitochondrial genomes were used to estimate time of divergence and our estimates indicate Cacatuidae diverged from Psittacidae approximately 40.7 million years ago (95% CI 51.6–30.3 Ma) during the Eocene. Our data shows Cacatuidae began to diversify approximately 27.9 Ma (95% CI 38.1–18.3 Ma) during the Oligocene. The early to middle Miocene (20–10 Ma) was a significant period in the evolution of modern Australian environments and vegetation, in which a transformation from mainly mesic to xeric habitats (e.g., fire-adapted sclerophyll vegetation and grasslands) occurred. We hypothesize that this environmental transformation was a driving force behind the diversification of cockatoos. A detailed multi-locus molecular phylogeny enabled us to resolve the phylogenetic placements of the Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), Galah (Eolophus roseicapillus), Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) and Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), which have historically been difficult to place within Cacatuidae. When the molecular evidence is analysed in concert with morphology, it is clear that many of the cockatoo species’ diagnostic phenotypic traits such as plumage colour, body size, wing shape and bill morphology have evolved in parallel or convergently across lineages.