据美国科学促进会网站报道,科研人员通过DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)测序,发现北极熊和棕熊在过去的10万年中曾经多次成功交配,如今的北极熊也拥有爱尔兰棕熊“血统”。这一研究对提请有关部门加强对北极熊与棕熊杂交后代的保护以维持该物种的延续有重大意义。研究成果发表在近日出版的《当代生物学》杂志上。
研究人员利用线粒体DNA测序来追踪北极熊的进化史。通过从世界各地收集的化石中提取线粒体基因组并对其进行测序,研究人员可以了解北极熊的母系是如何在时空变换中一代代延续下来的。之后他们对线粒体类型与环境和北极熊栖息地的变换进行关联研究。
研究表明,现在北极熊的母系是它们的祖先与一群目前已经灭绝的棕熊杂交的后代。这些棕熊生活在现在的英国和爱尔兰附近,而不是之前所知的阿拉斯加海岸。这次杂交很有可能就发生在最后一次冰河时期或者之前的一段时间。
科研人员认为,这项北极熊进化史的新发现会为未来的北极熊保护战略提供很大帮助,提醒人们对北极熊与棕熊的杂交后代的保护未雨绸缪。
北极熊生活在地球最极端的环境中,但是不断升高的气温和海冰的融化重塑了北极大陆,威胁到了北极熊的生存。
“气候变化迫使北极熊和棕熊进入彼此的栖息地,当它们之间有所交流后就可以毫无障碍地进行交配了。”宾夕法尼亚州立大学的贝丝·夏皮罗说,“10万多年以来,北极熊和棕熊在某些机遇下进行杂交。气候变化的压力影响了北极熊的进化和未来的发展。”
目前人类对这两类熊的保护比较薄弱,尤其对它们杂交后代的保护意识还不强。“鉴于受威胁的北极地区的杂交后代数目不断增加,有必要重新衡量一下对北极熊杂交后代的保护,因为它们可能在物种生存中发挥着重要作用。”夏皮罗说。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Current Biology doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.058
Ancient Hybridization and an Irish Origin for the Modern Polar Bear Matriline
Ceiridwen J. Edwards1, Marc A. Suchard, Philippe Lemey, John J. Welch, Ian Barnes, Tara L. Fulton, Ross Barnett, Tamsin C. O'Connell, Peter Coxon, Nigel Monaghan, Cristina E. Valdiosera, Eline D. Lorenzen, Eske Willerslev, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Andrew Rambaut, Mark G. Thomas, Daniel G. Bradley and Beth Shapiro
Background Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are among those species most susceptible to the rapidly changing arctic climate, and their survival is of global concern. Despite this, little is known about polar bear species history. Future conservation strategies would significantly benefit from an understanding of basic evolutionary information, such as the timing and conditions of their initial divergence from brown bears (U. arctos) or their response to previous environmental change. Results We used a spatially explicit phylogeographic model to estimate the dynamics of 242 brown bear and polar bear matrilines sampled throughout the last 120,000 years and across their present and past geographic ranges. Our results show that the present distribution of these matrilines was shaped by a combination of regional stability and rapid, long-distance dispersal from ice-age refugia. In addition, hybridization between polar bears and brown bears may have occurred multiple times throughout the Late Pleistocene.