据美国每日科学网近日报道,英国剑桥大学和英国生态与水文中心一项新的研究发现,虽然气候变暖会加快植物尤其是热带雨林的生长速度,但枯落物也会随之增加,并刺激土壤微生物释放出比以往更多的二氧化碳。如果气候变暖没有得到遏制,更多更茂盛的森林或许无助于减少空气中的二氧化碳。相关论文发表在《自然—气候变化》杂志在线版。
该项目以史密森热带研究所一项长达6年的实验为依据,对位于巴拿马、中美洲热带雨林的枯落物(如落到地面的落叶、树皮和树枝等)进行了研究,试图查清这些枯落物在碳循环中的作用。研究结果显示,“额外的枯落物”会触发所谓的“启动效应”,刺激原先储存在土壤中的碳发生分解和释放。
负责该项研究的英国生态与水文中心博士艾玛·萨耶尔说:“大多数科学家在对热带森林的碳封存能力进行估算时,都依赖于对树木生长的测量,认为树木生长越快其固碳能力越强。然而,我们的研究表明,树木和土壤之间的相互作用在碳循环中扮演着重要角色。树木生长所吸收的二氧化碳中大部分极有可能被土壤中流失的碳所抵消。用现有气候变化模型预测未来大气中二氧化碳水平时,应该将这一点考虑在内。”
研究人员估计,对热带低地雨林而言,凋落物每增加30%,每公顷土壤所释放的二氧化碳就会增加0.6吨。热带雨林覆盖面积广阔,储存着大量的二氧化碳,一直都在调节气候和维持全球碳平衡中发挥着重要作用,这一数据应当引起人们的注意。
人类活动造成了二氧化碳含量的上升,但不少人却认为这些二氧化碳会加速树木和其他植物的生长速度,从而增加对碳的吸收,让人类所面临的困境得以改善。然而,树木在加速生长的同时,也产生了更多的枯落物,这些返回地面的有机物将对碳循环产生重要影响。萨耶尔补充说,一直以来土壤都被认为是一个长期稳定的碳存储介质,但新研究表明,如果大气中二氧化碳水平和土壤中氮沉积量持续增加并导致植物快速生长,这种固碳作用将会大打折扣。
论文合著者、剑桥大学博士埃德·蒙唐纳说,这种启动效应意味着,土壤中原先所储存的那些相对稳定的碳被容易分解的“新鲜碳”所取代。在一个较长时期内,该效应对碳循环和整个生态环境产生的影响目前还不得而知。(生物谷 Biooon.com)
doi:10.1038/nclimate1190
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Soil carbon release enhanced by increased tropical forest litterfall
Emma J. Sayer; Matthew S. Heard; Helen K. Grant; Toby R. Marthews; Edmund V. J. Tanner
Tropical forests are a critical component of the global carbon cycle1 and their response to environmental change will play a key role in determining future concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)1, 2. Increasing primary productivity in tropical forests over recent decades has been attributed to CO2 fertilization3, and greater biomass in tropical forests could represent a substantial sink for carbon in the future3, 4. However, the carbon sequestration capacity of tropical forest soils is uncertain and feedbacks between increased plant productivity and soil carbon dynamics remain unexplored5, 6. Here, we show that experimentally increasing litterfall in a lowland tropical forest enhanced carbon release from the soil. Using a large-scale litter manipulation experiment combined with carbon isotope measurements, we found that the efflux of CO2 derived from soil organic carbon was significantly increased by litter addition. Furthermore, this effect was sustained over several years. We predict that a future increase in litterfall of 30% with an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 150 ppm could release about 0.6 t C ha−1 yr−1 from the soil, partially offsetting predicted net gains in carbon storage. Thus, it is essential that plant–soil feedbacks are taken into account in predictions of the carbon sequestration potential of tropical forests.