11月15日,据国外媒体报道,对于我们人类,男朋友送女朋友礼物是司空见惯的事,实际上,在自然界也有这一聪明的举动,研究发现,雄蜘蛛为了完成交配,也会把一个包装好的礼物送给“女朋友”, 雌性蜘蛛甚至还很“势利”,对那些没有价值的礼物不屑一顾。
雄盗蛛(nursery web spiders)一般会准备一个用丝包住的礼物献给“女朋友”,讨她的欢心。大多数礼物都是包装精美的昆虫,但有些礼物是不能食用的植物种子或已经被吃掉的昆虫的空壳,雌盗蛛看不上,会很不高兴地走开,这时雄盗蛛会“装死”,然后尝试寻找新的“女朋友”。此项研究报告发表在最新一期的《BMC进化生物学》(BMC Evolutionary Biology)杂志上。
雄盗蛛向“意中人”献上的礼物通常是可以食用的苍蝇;有的雄盗蛛比较吝啬,送一个毫无价值的礼物,如棉花羊毛球、干枯的花朵、吃剩的昆虫残留物;有的不解风情,不送礼物。所有礼物都会被包装,雌蛛不拆开包装就不知道里面的礼物是什么。研究表明,送礼物的雄蛛比不送礼物的雄蛛完成交配的成功率更高。然而,对于那些送毫无价值礼物的雄蛛,雌蛛让它们输送精子的时间比那些送可食用礼物的雄蜘蛛的时间要短。
看来,雄盗蛛和雌盗蛛显然能够评估礼物的价值,并相应地调整对待伴侣的方式。雌盗蛛对没有送好礼物的“男朋友”不喜欢,匆匆结束交配;而雄蜘蛛看到“女朋友”对礼物不满意或试图尽快结束交配,就会装死。研究人员有时会看到雄盗蛛和雌盗蛛会为一个可以食用的礼物而打架,但从来不会为一个毫无价值的礼物打架。
领导这项研究的玛丽亚·阿尔博(Maria Albo )解释说,“雄盗蛛用包装好的礼物欺骗雌盗蛛的感情,这涉及复杂的成本和收益方程。雄盗蛛花时间找礼物和包装礼物,礼物越有价值,获得的交配时间越长,射精管得以输送更多的精子到受精囊,并有可能产生更多的后代,但雌盗蛛也很精明,会识别欺骗行为,当它们发现收到的礼物毫无价值时会尽早终止交配。”
她继续说,“交配后雌蛛产一个卵袋,内装受精卵。最后的研究结果表明,雌蛛很“势利”,如果没有收到礼物,受精卵的数量明显减少,但收到可食用或不能食用的礼物的雌蛛之间的差别不大。所以送礼物很重要,雄蜘蛛往往能作弊成功,包一个没有用的礼物蒙混过关,这或许可以解释为什么蜘蛛数量一直如此庞大。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-329
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Worthless donations: male deception and female counter play in a nuptial gift-giving spider
Maria J Albo , Gudrun Winther , Cristina Tuni , Soren Toft and Trine Bilde
Background
In nuptial gift-giving species, benefits of acquiring a mate may select for male deception by donation of worthless gifts. We investigated the effect of worthless gifts on mating success in the spider Pisaura mirabilis. Males usually offer an insect prey wrapped in silk; however, worthless gifts containing inedible items are reported. We tested male mating success in the following experimental groups: protein enriched fly gift (PG), regular fly gift (FG), worthless gift (WG), or no gift (NG).
Results
Males that offered worthless gifts acquired similar mating success as males offering nutritional gifts, while males with no gift experienced reduced mating success. The results suggest that strong selection on the nuptial gift-giving trait facilitates male deception by donation of worthless gifts. Females terminated matings faster when males offered worthless donations; this demonstrate a cost of deception for the males as shorter matings lead to reduced sperm transfer and thus give the deceiving males a disadvantage in sperm competition.
Conclusion
We propose that the gift wrapping trait allows males to exploit female foraging preference by disguising the gift content thus deceiving females into mating without acquiring direct benefits. Female preference for a genuine prey gift combined with control over mating duration, however, counteracts the male deception.