近日,国际著名杂志Science在线刊登了国外研究人员的最新研究成果“Identification of the Social and Cognitive Processes Underlying Human Cumulative Culture”,文章中,研究者表示与黑猩猩不同,幼童会分享知识。
据一项新的研究披露,正在试图解决某个难题的幼童会合作并共享信息,但解决同样难题的黑猩猩和卷尾猴则不会合作及共享信息。 这些发现可帮助解释为什么随着时间的推移人类在积累文化知识方面的能力看来是独特的。 尽管其它动物也会相互学习,但只有人类的文化才会一代又一代地变得越来越复杂。 研究人员对哪些认知能力或社会条件是这种“累积性文化”所必须的进行了辩论。 Lewis Dean及其同事通过让3及4岁大的孩子、黑猩猩及卷尾猴探究一个盒子样的以3为单位发放奖品的智力玩具来测试多种假说。
如果使用者能搞清楚如何正确地操作各个分隔区间的话,研究人员则提高该玩具的困难度。 这些孩子在到达较高水平的阶段上有着高得多的成功率,而他们的成功与一系列的社会认知过程有关,其中包括通过口头指导、模仿及亲社会性(例如共享奖品)来教导等。 研究人员得出结论,这组心理学的过程对累积性文化的发展是至关重要的。 Robert Kurzban 和 H. Clark Barrett在一则相关的《观点栏目》中讨论了该研究。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1126/science.1213969
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Identification of the Social and Cognitive Processes Underlying Human Cumulative Culture
L. G. Dean1, R. L. Kendal2,*, S. J. Schapiro3, B. Thierry4, K. N. Laland1,*
The remarkable ecological and demographic success of humanity is largely attributed to our capacity for cumulative culture, with knowledge and technology accumulating over time, yet the social and cognitive capabilities that have enabled cumulative culture remain unclear. In a comparative study of sequential problem solving, we provided groups of capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, and children with an experimental puzzlebox that could be solved in three stages to retrieve rewards of increasing desirability. The success of the children, but not of the chimpanzees or capuchins, in reaching higher-level solutions was strongly associated with a package of sociocognitive processes—including teaching through verbal instruction, imitation, and prosociality—that were observed only in the children and covaried with performance.