作为陆地脊椎动物的祖先,远古鱼类的演化与四足动物的起源、人类的由来密切相关,而带骨在有颌脊椎动物的演化过程中经历了显著的变化——从鱼类演化到四足动物,鳍退化,四肢出现,带骨的功能也逐渐增强。
中科院古脊椎所研究员朱敏等人通过对梦幻鬼鱼和斑鳞鱼这两种早期鱼类的腰带演化进行研究,在国际上首次揭示了硬骨鱼纲的外骨骼腰带结构。4月3日,相关成果发表在最新一期的《公共科学图书馆—综合》上。
目前人们已知的是,鱼类有两对偶鳍,适于在水中游动,而陆地脊椎动物的四肢就是由鱼类偶鳍演化而来。四肢通过带骨、肌肉、韧带等构造与脊柱连接,其中身体前部的带骨为肩带,后部为腰带。
作为有颌脊椎动物的典型特征,长期以来,带骨的结构与功能是学术界关注的一个重点。例如,根据腰带的不同形态,恐龙被划分为蜥臀类和鸟臀类,而人类的直立行走也伴随着腰带结构的相应改变。
一般认为,腰带与肩带为系列同源关系。然而,从现生硬骨鱼纲(包括辐鳍鱼类、肺鱼类、空棘鱼类以及所有陆地脊椎动物)的发育上看,肩带是复合来源,既有来源于内骨骼的肩胛乌喙骨,也有来源于外骨骼的匙骨、锁骨等。与之形成鲜明对照的是,硬骨鱼纲的腰带无一例外都是内骨骼来源,没有外骨骼成分的加入。
这种差异反映了具有系列同源关系的两组构造遵循着不同的演化路线,那么它们是从演化树的哪个节点开始分道扬镳的呢?这一问题仅凭对现生生物的研究已无法回答。
同时,遗憾的是,迄今为止已发现的鱼类化石,存在很多“缺陷”。根据化石记录很难推测硬骨鱼纲腰带的来源,并直接影响到相关问题的探讨。
随着我国近年来斑鳞鱼、无孔鱼、蝶柱鱼、梦幻鬼鱼等一系列化石的发现,硬骨鱼纲起源与早期演化研究被不断注入新的活力。
尤其是具有传奇色彩的梦幻鬼鱼化石,代表着鱼类演化的一个关键性节点。在2009年化石传世前,这种形态的鱼只出现在学者对“生命演化路线”的构想中,梦幻鬼鱼的出现,证实了以往人们对演化的构想。
为揭示早期硬骨鱼类腰带的结构,近年来,朱敏等人对梦幻鬼鱼和斑鳞鱼材料进行了重新研究,并多次开展新的野外发掘。终于在2010年,他们又发现了一件保存完好的梦幻鬼鱼新标本。
该标本虽然头部缺失,但是头后部分保存十分精美。新标本的肩带保存了两侧的匙骨、锁骨以及一件菱形的间锁骨。与斑鳞鱼相同,梦幻鬼鱼发育的肩胛乌喙骨紧附于匙骨内侧面。
引人注目的是,鬼鱼新标本上具有一件腹视的右侧腰带外骨骼,呈自然状态保存。基于对鬼鱼腰带外骨骼的认识,朱敏等人对斑鳞鱼头后骨骼进行了重新整理,发现了与鬼鱼腰带外骨骼相似的骨片,并且内侧与其愈合的内骨骼上还具有与肩带相似的复基鳍关节。这表明斑鳞鱼的腰带与肩带结构相似,也说明鬼鱼的腰带很可能同样具有复基鳍关节。
在此之前,国际学术界普遍认为,硬骨鱼纲的腰带与肩带结构不同、不具有外骨骼成分。这一最新的研究成果,则改变了学界对鱼类带骨演化的传统观点,为研究有颌类的早期分化、探讨腰带与肩带在发育上的同源关系,提供了新的重要资料。(生物谷 bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035103
PMC:
PMID:
Fossil Fishes from China Provide First Evidence of Dermal Pelvic Girdles in Osteichthyans
Min Zhu, Xiaobo Yu, Brian Choo, Qingming Qu, Liantao Jia, Wenjin Zhao, Tuo Qiao, Jing Lu
Background The pectoral and pelvic girdles support paired fins and limbs, and have transformed significantly in the diversification of gnathostomes or jawed vertebrates (including osteichthyans, chondrichthyans, acanthodians and placoderms). For instance, changes in the pectoral and pelvic girdles accompanied the transition of fins to limbs as some osteichthyans (a clade that contains the vast majority of vertebrates – bony fishes and tetrapods) ventured from aquatic to terrestrial environments. The fossil record shows that the pectoral girdles of early osteichthyans (e.g., Lophosteus, Andreolepis, Psarolepis and Guiyu) retained part of the primitive gnathostome pectoral girdle condition with spines and/or other dermal components. However, very little is known about the condition of the pelvic girdle in the earliest osteichthyans. Living osteichthyans, like chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes), have exclusively endoskeletal pelvic girdles, while dermal pelvic girdle components (plates and/or spines) have so far been found only in some extinct placoderms and acanthodians. Consequently, whether the pectoral and pelvic girdles are primitively similar in osteichthyans cannot be adequately evaluated, and phylogeny-based inferences regarding the primitive pelvic girdle condition in osteichthyans cannot be tested against available fossil evidence. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we report the first discovery of spine-bearing dermal pelvic girdles in early osteichthyans, based on a new articulated specimen of Guiyu oneiros from the Late Ludlow (Silurian) Kuanti Formation, Yunnan, as well as a re-examination of the previously described holotype. We also describe disarticulated pelvic girdles of Psarolepis romeri from the Lochkovian (Early Devonian) Xitun Formation, Yunnan, which resemble the previously reported pectoral girdles in having integrated dermal and endoskeletal components with polybasal fin articulation. Conclusions/Significance The new findings reveal hitherto unknown similarity in pectoral and pelvic girdles among early osteichthyans, and provide critical information for studying the evolution of pelvic girdles in osteichthyans and other gnathostomes.