这只凶猛上龙具有巨大的口腔,20cm长的牙齿,能够将多数的爬行动物及其它种类 恐龙撕裂成碎块,但是却不幸遭受了类似关节炎的疾病
科学家于近日首次发现,上龙的巨大关节也会饱受关节疼痛的困扰。他们在上龙下颌处发现的退化状况,类似于人类关节炎的症状。上龙是远古时期的海洋爬行动物,生活在1.5亿年前。这标志着科学家首次在侏罗纪时期爬行动物化石上,发现类似关节炎的症状。相关研究成果刊登在了国际杂志Palaeontology上。
来自布里斯托大学的一个研究小组,检验了上龙亚目中上龙的巨大化石样品,这只发现于英国南部威尔特郡的韦斯特伯里的上龙,死于上侏罗纪时期,体长八米,它具有像 鳄鱼一样的头部,短的脖子,像鲸鱼一样的身体,和四条强有力的脚蹼,从而推动它在水中游行。
研究者发现,这只凶猛上龙具有巨大的口腔,20cm长的牙齿,能够将多数的爬行动物及其它种类恐龙撕裂成碎块,但是却不幸遭受了类似关节炎的疾病。这令它的左鄂关节遭受腐蚀,导致下颚偏向一边。研究发现这只上龙被关节炎困扰了许多年,从而吃东西时,由于上鄂牙齿的嵌入,导致下颚上的骨头都产生了磨损。
来自布里斯托大,专门研究骨骼的朱迪斯宣博士说:“通过研究她的疾病发现,这只年长的雌性上龙患的是鄂关节炎,情况类似于年长的人类患的髋关节炎。但是这个未愈合的下巴缺陷显示,一段时间内下颚功能会被削弱,最终断掉。带着一个破碎的下巴,上龙将无法进食,最终很可能会走向死亡”。
有多个证据显示这是只年老的雌性上龙,像人类一样,换上这种疾病也成为了它衰老过程的一部分。它巨大的体型及融合了的头盖骨显示了它处于成熟期,其特别低的头骨嵴表明它是雌性。
上龙被认为是追击埋伏性掠食者,以鱼、鱿鱼及其它海洋爬行动物为食。它们处于食物链的顶端,因此只需要避开其它上龙类的攻击即可。
这项研究的合作者迈克本顿教授补充说:“在目前仍存活的动物里也能发现这种疾病,例如鳄鱼、抹香鲸,它们能在能量还能自给的情况下存活数年。但是这个过程肯定是痛苦的。记得梅尔维尔电影《白鲸记》中虚构的那只可怜的白鲸,也是遭受弯曲下颌的困扰”。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01151.x
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Cranial anatomy, taxonomic implications and palaeopathology of an Upper Jurassic pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Westbury, Wiltshire, UK
JUDYTH SASSOON1, LESLIE F. NOÈ2, MICHAEL J. BENTON1,†
Complete skulls of giant marine reptiles of the Late Jurassic are rare, and so the discovery of the 1.8-m-long skull of a pliosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Kimmeridgian) of Westbury, Wiltshire, UK, is an important find. The specimen shows most of the cranial and mandibular anatomy, as well as a series of pathological conditions. It was previously referred to Pliosaurus brachyspondylus, but it can be referred reliably only to the genus Pliosaurus, because species within the genus are currently in need of review. The new specimen, together with another from the same locality, also referred to P. brachyspondylus, will be crucial in that systematic revision, and it is likely that the genus Pliosaurus will be found to include several genera. The two Westbury Pliosaurus specimens share many features, including the form of the teeth, but marked differences in the snout and parietal crest suggest sexual dimorphism; the present specimen is probably female. The large size of the animal, the extent of sutural fusion and the pathologies suggest this is an ageing individual. An erosive arthrotic condition of the articular glenoids led to prolonged jaw misalignment, generating a suite of associated bone and dental pathologies. Further damage to the jaw joint may have been the cause of death.