美国《当代生物学》(Current Biology)半月刊刊登的一篇研究文章显示,路边筑巢的崖燕的翅膀进化得更短更灵活,这或许可以帮助它们迅速避开迎面而来的车辆。
这篇文章的作者之所以发现这一趋势,是因为他们留意到被车辆杀死的鸟类的数量过去30年来有所下降。他们表示,这两个发现为鸟类与公路有关的适应能力提供了证据。
文章的作者之一、俄克拉何马州塔尔萨大学生物学家查尔斯·布朗说:“我并不是说这完全是因为翅膀的长度。”但他说,翅膀变短的确支持有关鸟类正在适应受到干扰的环境的说法。
查尔斯与内布拉斯加大学林肯分校的鸟类学家玛丽·邦伯格·布朗一道,在内布拉斯加西部追踪崖燕的数量长达30年时间,基本上是研究鸟类在其栖息地的行为。
这些燕子在南美过冬,但是在北美繁殖。在其栖息地,共计有1.2万只左右的成年燕。它们一般来说在悬崖壁上筑圆锥形泥巢,有时也会在桥梁或者公路立交桥下面生活。
在这两位研究员观察鸟类的路边栖息地的时候,业余动物标本制作者查尔斯收集燕子尸体来制作标本。他收集了104只被车辆杀死的成年燕和134只在用于研究的鸟巢里意外死去的成年燕。他和邦伯格留意到,这种燕子的总体数量日益增长,但每年死于公路交通的燕子数量减少了。他们比较了这两种燕子标本的翅膀长度。
这个研究小组发现,车辆杀死的鸟类的翅膀长于死于巢穴的鸟类,前者的翅膀随着时间的推移变长了,而后者(代表这种鸟类的绝大部分)的翅膀变短了。
查尔斯说,有证据表明,翅膀变短让鸟类更加灵活。他说:“它们可以更加迅速地90度转弯。”他解释说,这可以帮助鸟类在进出鸟巢所在地时躲避车辆,或者能够从路面上迅速起飞。而这反过来使它们能够生存下来,繁殖更多短翼后代。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.023
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Where has all the road kill gone?
Charles R-Brown and Mary Bomberger Brown.
An estimated 80 million birds are killed by colliding with vehicles on U. S. roads each year [1], and millions more die annually in Europe [2] and elsewhere. Losses to vehicles are a serious problem for which various changes in roadway design and maintenance have been proposed [3]. Yet, given the magnitude of the mortality reported for some species [4], we might expect natural selection to favor individuals that either learn to avoid cars or that have other traits making them less likely to collide with vehicles. If so, the frequency of road kill should decline over time. No information is available for any species on whether the extent of road-associated mortality has changed [2]. During a 30-year study on social behavior and coloniality of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, we found that the frequency of road-killed swallows declined sharply over the 30 years following the birds occupancy of roadside nesting sites and that birds killed on roads had longer wings than the population at large.