20世纪后半期,美国河流水文水资源的变化吸引了很多的研究,这主要有两个原因。其一,这个时期大气中温室气体的浓度有一个显著升高,且与之相联的水文循环的加剧吸引了科学家的注意;另外,这个时期水文观测站数量庞大可以提供充足的数据进行此类分析。前人研究发现,美国河流流量(主要集中在中低流量的径流)显著增加,主要由气候(降雨)的变化导致的。但是大多数研究主要应用了HCDN(Hydro-Climate Data Network)数据库,而这个数据库的时段在~1950s-1988,并不能真正反映20世纪后半期。
中科院亚热带农业生态研究所生态水文组的徐宪立研究员与国内外合作者应用了另一更能代表这个时期的数据库MOPEX,严格将时段限制在~1950s-2000,在全美范围内选择了302个流域的水文气象数据,重新分析了20世纪后半期美国河流水文过程的变化。他们的研究指出,20-30%的流域呈现出了产流增加的趋势,大多数(> 65%)流域没有发生显著的变化。而前人基于HCDN数据库的研究指出50%以上的流域产流增加的趋势明显。与前人研究相似,他们的研究也发现河流径流和基流的增加主要发生在美国的中西部和中北部。基于气候敏感性分析指出气候变化(变异)对河流径流的变化贡献要大于人类活动(61±25 % vs. 39±25 %),但是对河流基流的变化的贡献略低于人类活动(49±26 % vs. 51±26 %)所引起的变化。运用突变点探测技术分析发现,35-45%的流域在1971年左右河流径流和基流发生了阶跃性变化。
他们的研究为美国20世纪后半期的水文变化及其归因的分析提供了新的视角,同时表明数据尤其数据时段的选择对分析水文变化及其归因有较大影响。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐的英文摘要
Water Resources Management doi:10.1007/s11269-013-0411-3
Revisiting Continental U.S. Hydrologic Change in the Latter Half of the 20th Century
Xianli Xu, Wen Liu, Rashad Rafique, Kelin Wang
An intensified hydrologic cycle and a large amount of monitoring flow data in the latter half of the 20th century attracted a lot of research on the continental U.S. hydrologic change. However, most previous studies are based on HCDN (Hydro-Climate Data Network) dataset with a period of ~1950s -1988. This study analyzed hydrologic change in continental U.S. based on MOPEX (international Model Parameter Estimation Experiment) hydrology dataset with a period of ~1950s -2000 for 302 watersheds (gages) across diverse climate, vegetation and soil conditions. This dataset is more representative of the latter half of the 20th century than HCDN. In contrast with previous studies, this study shows that only 20–30 % of watersheds present increasing trends in flow (streamflow, Q; baseflow, Qbf; baseflow index, BFI), and most (> 65 %) watersheds presents non-significant trends. Similar to previous studies, the watersheds with increasing trends in Q and Qbf are concentrated in Midwest and high plain (North-Central area) of USA. Climate contributes more to Q change (61±25 % vs. 39±25 %) but slightly less to Qbf change than human activity (49±26 % vs. 51±26 %) and much less to BFI change than human activity (5±61 % vs. 105±61 %). A step change at ~1971 in Q and Qbf was found for 35–45 % but not for a large proportion of watersheds (50 % or more was reported by previous studies). This study provides new insights on the latter half of the 20th century’s hydrologic cycle for the continental U.S. with a more representative dataset of this period.