来自海德堡德国癌症研究中心(German Cancer Research Center,DKFZ)分子胚胎学部,以及清华大学生物科学与技术学院的研究人员锁定活性DNA去甲基化分子机理研究,发现一种称为生长停滞与DNA损伤诱导蛋白45a(growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 alpha,Gadd45a)的蛋白在活性DNA去甲基化(active DNA demethylation)过程中的关键作用,是表观遗传学DNA甲基化研究的一大突破。这一研究成果公布在《自然》(Nature)杂志网络版上。
参予这一研究的中方人员是清华大学生物科学与技术学院的吴畏(Wei Wu,音译)博士。
DNA甲基化是一种在植物和许多动物不同组织中转录基因沉默的稳定表观遗传标记,它是由DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyl-transferase, Dnmt)催化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为甲基供体,将胞嘧啶转变为5-甲基胞嘧啶(mC)的一种反应,在真核生物DNA中,5-甲基胞嘧啶是唯一存在的化学性修饰碱基。DNA甲基化在维持正常细胞功能、遗传印记、胚胎发育以及人类肿瘤发生中起着重要作用,是目前新的研究热点之一。
目前虽然DNA甲基化转甲基酶机制研究的比较清楚,但是DNA去甲基化的功能和机制仍然属于生物学倍受争议的研究领域。之前来自加州大学的华人科学家朱健康教授等人发现ROS1是一种对于拟南芥DNA去甲基化重要的5-methylcytosine DNA 糖基酶,是植物去甲基化研究的重要成果。
在这篇文章中,Guillermo Barreto等人发现Gadd45a(一种功能为维持基因组稳定性,DNA修复以及细胞生长抑制作用的细胞核内蛋白)在活性DNA去甲基化过程中扮演着关键的角色。研究人员证明Gadd45a的过量表达会激活甲基化沉默报告质粒(methylation-silenced reporter plasmid),并且促使全部的DNA去甲基化。进一步研究发现Gadd45a的敲除会导致基因表达沉默,和DNA的高度甲基化。
在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞oct4活性去甲基化研究中,研究人员还发现Gadd45a会被特异性的集中在去甲基化位点,同时DNA修复会导致去甲基化活跃,而Gadd45a会与DNA修复核酸内切酶XPG相互作用,并且后者也是前者作用的必需条件。
这些研究成果都说明Gadd45a在DNA去甲基化方面起到了重要作用,而这种作用是通过促进DNA修复,去除甲基化标记,从而减少表观遗传基因的沉默。
英文原文:
Gadd45a promotes epigenetic gene activation by repair-mediated DNA demethylation
Guillermo Barreto1,3, Andrea Schäfer1,3, Joachim Marhold2, Dirk Stach2, Suresh K. Swaminathan1, Vikas Handa1, Gabi Döderlein1, Nicole Maltry1, Wei Wu1,4, Frank Lyko2 and Christof Niehrs1
Division of Molecular Embryology,
Division of Epigenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Present address: Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
Correspondence to: Christof Niehrs1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.N. (Email: niehrs@dkfz.de).
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is essential for gene silencing and genome stability in many organisms. Although methyltransferases that promote DNA methylation are well characterized, the molecular mechanism underlying active DNA demethylation is poorly understood and controversial1, 2. Here we show that Gadd45a (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 alpha), a nuclear protein involved in maintenance of genomic stability, DNA repair and suppression of cell growth3, 4, has a key role in active DNA demethylation. Gadd45a overexpression activates methylation-silenced reporter plasmids and promotes global DNA demethylation. Gadd45a knockdown silences gene expression and leads to DNA hypermethylation. During active demethylation of oct4 in Xenopus laevis oocytes5, Gadd45a is specifically recruited to the site of demethylation. Active demethylation occurs by DNA repair and Gadd45a interacts with and requires the DNA repair endonuclease XPG. We conclude that Gadd45a relieves epigenetic gene silencing by promoting DNA repair, which erases methylation marks.
更多原文链接:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nature05515.html