鼻塞、打喷嚏、瘙痒……越来越多的现代人正被过敏反应困扰。过敏看似小病,严重时 却可给患者带来生命危险。英国和瑞士科学家通过研究发现了过敏元凶——基因缺陷,并希望借此开发医治花粉过敏等过敏症的新疗法,为患者带去福音。
关键基因
过敏症状来自免疫系统错误识别如沙砾、花粉、花生以及猫毛等过敏原,将其视为威胁,并指挥人体产生组胺抗体,对人体的一些正常细胞和组织发起攻击,并引发诸如瘙痒、哮喘及打喷嚏之类症状。在正常人体内,能够产生一种“调节性T细胞”物质,控制免疫系统的过度反应。但在过敏症患者体内,这种细胞却无法正常生成。
伦敦帝国学院和瑞士变应性疾病和哮喘研究所的科学家在27日出版的美国《公共科学图书馆·生物学》杂志上发表文章,称找到了调节性T细胞无法生成的原因。
研究者通过分析调节性T细胞生成机制及它们和相关基因的联系,发现一种GATA-3基因。它能够通过抑制另一种基因FOXP3发挥作用,阻碍调节性T细胞的生成,从而使免疫系统对外界异物产生过度反应,引发过敏症状。
科学家在老鼠身上实验后发现,当老鼠体内所有的T细胞都根据GATA-3基因表达时,老鼠在复制调节性T细胞方面存在严重缺陷。
基因失衡
调节性T细胞在人体免疫系统中扮演重要角色。它们能够抑制“亲过敏”的Th2细胞生成,避免免疫系统对异物产生不必要的反应。
科学家在研究调节性T细胞生成机制时发现,这种细胞的生成是GATA-3与FOXP3基因“斗争”的结果,如果“邪恶”的GATA-3获胜,人体免疫系统就会出现故障。
主持研究的伦敦帝国学院全国心肺研究所卡斯滕·施密特-韦伯博士介绍,FOXP3可以促使生成调节性T细胞,但是它们却容易受到GATA-3的抑制。如果FOXP3占主导地位,人体就能正常生成调节性T细胞,控制免疫系统;但一旦足量的GATA-3限制了FOXP3,调节性T细胞就无法正常生成,Th2细胞就会大量繁殖,使人体产生过敏反应。
韦伯在研究报告中说,目前还不知道“战斗”的胜负如何决定,但这可能与上述两种基因各自的位置有关,同时,“我们枯燥的、西方人的生活方式也与它有关”。
对症治疗
关于这一发现的应用前景,韦伯说:“这项发现能帮助我们理解正常人如何接受过敏原,以及我们应该如何在免疫系统中重新引入接纳机制来治疗过敏症。”
根据已有研究,过敏症可能由基因和外界环境两方面引起,但是遗传性的过敏症大部分与基因关系最为密切。如果父母患有过敏症,孩子通常更容易患病,研究者认为这可能就是因为孩子遗传的GATA-3出现异常,而并不是外界环境中某种过敏原所致。
当然,基因缺陷并非目前增多的过敏症的唯一原因,导致过敏频发的环境因素包括童年时期感染传染性疾病、环境污染、过敏原含量以及饮食变化等。
研究者希望这项发现最终可以催生对花粉过敏和其他一些过敏的更有效疗法,配合现存的免疫疗法,有效控制正常过敏反应发生病变。(胡晓白)
原始出处:
PLoS Biology
Received: March 16, 2007; Accepted: November 6, 2007; Published: December 27, 2007
GATA3-Driven Th2 Responses Inhibit TGF-β1–Induced FOXP3 Expression and the Formation of Regulatory T Cells
Pierre-Yves Mantel1, Harmjan Kuipers2, Onur Boyman3, Claudio Rhyner1, Nadia Ouaked1, Beate Rückert1, Christian Karagiannidis1, Bart N. Lambrecht2, Rudolf W. Hendriks2,4, Reto Crameri1, Cezmi A. Akdis1, Kurt Blaser1, Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber1,5*
1 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research Davos (SIAF), Davos-Platz, Switzerland, 2 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical College, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 3 Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, 4 Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical College, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 5 Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Transcription factors act in concert to induce lineage commitment towards Th1, Th2, or T regulatory (Treg) cells, and their counter-regulatory mechanisms were shown to be critical for polarization between Th1 and Th2 phenotypes. FOXP3 is an essential transcription factor for natural, thymus-derived (nTreg) and inducible Treg (iTreg) commitment; however, the mechanisms regulating its expression are as yet unknown. We describe a mechanism controlling iTreg polarization, which is overruled by the Th2 differentiation pathway. We demonstrated that interleukin 4 (IL-4) present at the time of T cell priming inhibits FOXP3. This inhibitory mechanism was also confirmed in Th2 cells and in T cells of transgenic mice overexpressing GATA-3 in T cells, which are shown to be deficient in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–mediated FOXP3 induction. This inhibition is mediated by direct binding of GATA3 to the FOXP3 promoter, which represses its transactivation process. Therefore, this study provides a new understanding of tolerance development, controlled by a type 2 immune response. IL-4 treatment in mice reduces iTreg cell frequency, highlighting that therapeutic approaches that target IL-4 or GATA3 might provide new preventive strategies facilitating tolerance induction particularly in Th2-mediated diseases, such as allergy.
Figure 1.Th2 Cells Cannot Induce FOXP3 Expression
全文链接:
http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050329