生物谷报道:英国心理学家在乌干达西部森林对黑猩猩进行为期10个月的调查,首次发现了黑猩猩交配时玩狡诈策略:当没有其它母黑猩猩在周围时,交配中的雌性会大力发声以吸引潜在的雄性与其交配;但当有其它母黑猩猩在周围时,她们就会保持沉默,以避免让其对手知晓。
这是科学家在布顿哥(Budongo)森林对78只黑猩猩组成的一个群体进行观察时发现的。在此群体中,只有8只黑猩猩是成年雄性。他们发现黑猩猩在交配时的叫声有很大差别,这是人们之前从来没有看到的模式。音频记录表明,如果有其它职位高的雄性在周围,雌性在交配时会叫得更加大声。但当附近有一只好斗的雌黑猩猩时,她们的叫声明显低落了。此发现表明黑猩猩能利用其叫声用于比先前想象的更为复杂的社交当中。
负责此项研究的英国圣安德鲁斯大学心理学家西蒙·唐恩森德表示,此群体中25只母黑猩猩显然已经具有这种狡诈的策略。此策略要么促进其生育的成功,要么减少对其新生儿的威胁。黑猩猩面临的最大威胁之一是年纪更大的雄性杀害刚出生的小黑猩猩。此外,雌黑猩猩也会杀害其它黑猩猩的小宝宝。如果它们认为小黑猩猩可以当食物或成为其潜在的交配对手的话,雌黑猩猩就会不择手段地干掉这些小黑猩猩。
唐恩森德小组发现当母黑猩猩与此群体中职位最高的雄性交配时,她们最能叫。唐恩森德说:“她们叫得更厉害,就会向此地区的其它品质好的雄性做更好的广告,说明她们生育力强,可以接受交配。这可以增加她们与这些黑猩猩交配的机会,从而混淆其后代的父系关系。”如果雄性怀疑自己是一只新生黑猩猩的爸爸,它更加有可能地保护这位妈妈和孩子。
此研究成果发表在6月18日出版的《公共科学图书馆 综合》(PLoS ONE)上。研究人员表示,它们得权衡利害关系,当高级别的雌性黑猩猩在周围时,雌性黑猩猩交配时会保持沉默,以确保她们不知道她和一只好品质的雄性交配,从而避免其它雌性前来攻击她们,并阻止她们交配。
在野外,雌黑猩猩之间的竞争很危险。唐恩森德说:“我们发现一个重大事实,这些雌性用她们的交配声当高级策略,让这种竞争危险减到最小。”
其实有关雌黑猩猩交配声的功能争论了多年,一种假设认为,此叫声让雌性向潜在的雄性广告其性接纳情况,使群体中的雄性产生竞争。通过彼此较量,雌性最终与最强壮的雄性成功交配,生下品质最好的后代。显然,唐恩森德小组的发现没有为此雄性竞争提供任何依据。唐恩森德说:“我们在野外观察的雌黑猩猩似乎更喜欢与不同的雄性交配,而不是让雄性之间相互争斗。” (生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PLoS ONE,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002431,Simon W. Townsend,Klaus Zuberbühler
Female Chimpanzees Use Copulation Calls Flexibly to Prevent Social Competition
Simon W. Townsend1,2, Tobias Deschner3, Klaus Zuberbühler1,2*
1 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom2 Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda3 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Abstract
The adaptive function of copulation calls in female primates has been debated for years. One influential idea is that copulation calls are a sexually selected trait, which enables females to advertise their receptive state to males. Male-male competition ensues and females benefit by getting better mating partners and higher quality offspring. We analysed the copulation calling behaviour of wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Budongo Forest, Uganda, but found no support for the male-male competition hypothesis. Hormone analysis showed that the calling behaviour of copulating females was unrelated to their fertile period and likelihood of conception. Instead, females called significantly more while with high-ranking males, but suppressed their calls if high-ranking females were nearby. Copulation calling may therefore be one potential strategy employed by female chimpanzees to advertise receptivity to high-ranked males, confuse paternity and secure future support from these socially important individuals. Competition between females can be dangerously high in wild chimpanzees, and our results indicate that females use their copulation calls strategically to minimise the risks associated with such competition.