敏锐的嗅觉将帮助枭鹦在黑暗中找到食物。(图片提供:Don Merton)
谁都晓得鹰具有锐利的视觉,而猫头鹰则因敏锐的听觉被人们所知,但是鸟类却很少因为嗅觉为自己揽得好名声。如今,随着针对大量鸟类的嗅觉基因进行的首个分析结果的出台,这一切都将发生改变。研究发现,鸟类的鼻子可能比人们想象得更灵敏。
人们对鸟类行为的兴趣使得研究人员较多关注它们华丽的交配仪式、音调优美的歌声以及其他天赋,但鸟类的嗅觉却在很大程度上被科学家忽视了。仅有的少量研究表明,嗅觉在鸟类行为中扮演了一个角色,但对其背后的生物学机制知之甚少。
在一项新的研究中,由德国马普学会鸟类研究所的分子生态学家Silke Steiger和她的研究生Bart Kempenaers领导的一个研究小组,对鸟类系谱图的7个主要分支中的9种鸟的嗅觉基因进行了研究。研究人员的工作主要集中于寻找与编码嗅觉受体——负责感知气味——有关的基因。研究人员通常假设,动物具有的受体越多则它们的嗅觉能力越强。例如,小鼠拥有将近1000个运转的嗅觉受体基因,而人类则大约携带了400个这样的基因。
根据这一逻辑,在Steiger所分析的鸟类中,嗅觉最灵敏的是枭鹦——一种罕见的在夜间活动的新西兰鹦鹉。研究小组发现枭鹦具有667个功能性嗅觉受体基因。另一种在夜间活动的新西兰鸟类——褐鹬鸵——大约携带了600种功能性受体基因。Steiger相信,敏锐的嗅觉将帮助这些鸟类在夜晚找到食物。粉红凤头鹦鹉——一种生活在澳大利亚的鹦鹉,其嗅觉功能并未经过研究——在这些鸟类中排名垫底,据估计,它只有107个运转的嗅觉受体基因。研究人员在7月15日的英国《皇家学会学报B》网络版上报告了这一研究成果。Steiger表示:“鸟类的嗅觉水平可能与人类相当,甚至要更强一些。”但是她强调,基因数量仅仅是一个粗略的指标。要想搞清鸟类的嗅觉功能,还需要进行更多的遗传学和行为学研究。
美国哈佛大学的进化生物学家Scott Edwards表示:“这项研究是一个分子证据,表明鸟类的嗅觉受体真的能够发挥作用。”加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的感知生态学家Gabrielle Nevitt强调,这一发现填补了正在充实的行为学研究的证据,证明了许多鸟类利用它们的嗅觉寻找食物、躲避天敌以及选择配偶。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B,10.1098/rspb.2008.0607,Silke S. Steiger, Bart Kempenaers
Avian olfactory receptor gene repertoires: evidence for a well-developed sense of smell in birds?
1Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology, PO Box 1564, 82319 Starnberg, Germany
2 Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
摘要
Among vertebrates, the sense of smell is mediated by olfactory receptors (ORs) expressed in sensory neurons within the olfactory epithelium. Comparative genomic studies suggest that the olfactory acuity of mammalian species correlates positively with both the total number and the proportion of functional OR genes encoded in their genomes. In contrast to mammals, avian olfaction is poorly understood, with birds widely regarded as relying primarily on visual and auditory inputs. Here, we show that in nine bird species from seven orders (blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus; black coucal, Centropus grillii; brown kiwi, Apteryx australis; canary, Serinus canaria; galah, Eolophus roseicapillus; red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus; kakapo, Strigops habroptilus; mallard, Anas platyrhynchos; snow petrel, Pagodroma nivea), the majority of amplified OR sequences are predicted to be from potentially functional genes. This finding is somewhat surprising as one previous report suggested that the majority of OR genes in an avian (red jungle fowl) genomic sequence are non-functional pseudogenes. We also show that it is not the estimated proportion of potentially functional OR genes, but rather the estimated total number of OR genes that correlates positively with relative olfactory bulb size, an anatomical correlate of olfactory capability. We further demonstrate that all the nine bird genomes examined encode OR genes belonging to a large gene clade, termed γ-c, the expansion of which appears to be a shared characteristic of class Aves. In summary, our findings suggest that olfaction in birds may be a more important sense than generally believed.