捷克和美国遗传学家在小鼠和果蝇身上各确定出一种基因,这两种基因可抑制不同物种后代的繁衍能力,推动了新物种的进化。相关两篇论文12月11日在线发表于《科学》(Science)杂志。
动物间如果能进行杂交,且后代仍具有生育能力,那么这群动物就可以定义为同一种物种。不同物种交配后所生的杂交动物,如雄驴和母马所生的骡子,一般不具备生育能力,事实上很多这种杂交动物是无法存活的。不过有时极相近的物种或亚种交配所生后代会具备有限的生育能力。
识别出抑制杂交后代生育能力的基因,可以揭示促进新物种形成的遗传学力量。不过,至今为止只有不到10种相关基因被确认。
捷克科学院遗传学家Jiri Forejt与同事一起,在小鼠身上识别出一个抑制杂交后代生育能力的基因,这是首次在哺乳动物身上发现这种基因。
通过对动物做大量的杂交繁育和遗传学改造,以及最近才发布的全基因图数据,Forejt发现,造成小鼠亚种杂交所生雄性后代不育的原因是一种名为Prdm9的基因。
Prdm9可编码一种能沉默多个基因的蛋白质,这一发现也证实了之前的一种猜测,即基因外改变(epigenetic change)在物种形成中起重要作用。
在另一份研究中,美国西雅图Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心遗传学家Nitin Phadnis与美国罗切斯特大学的H. Allen Orr,发现了使两种果蝇亚种杂交后产生特定后代的基因。这种特定的杂交后代为雄性,一生中除了老年时期有部分生育能力,其他时期都不具生育能力,且老年时期也只能生育雌性后代。
研究人员认为,这种特殊杂交后代的存在表明分离变相因子(segregation distorter,SD)可能与物种形成有关。分离变相因子是一种基因,它会使承载它的染色体更频繁地传给后代,在此次研究中它通过控制后代性别来实现。
Phadnis表示,分离变相因子可能会与抑制这种分离的基因展开“军备竞赛”,因此可能会进化得很快。虽然有人提出这种基因和它的抑制蛋白,可能会在导致物种形成的种群中引起功能性分歧(functional divergence),但这一理论还缺乏证据。
Phadnis说:“这一研究显示,物种形成并不仅仅是由于外部环境,内部遗传环境也起了作用。”
英国谢菲尔德大学遗传学家Roger Butlin表示:“之前只发现了很少的几个物种形成基因,多发现一个是很让人激动的,我认为大家会对偏分离及其与物种形成的关系非常感兴趣。”
这两项研究将为发现更多物种形成基因铺平道路。Forejt已经在努力识别更多与Prdm9一起造成杂交小鼠不育的物种形成基因,他说其他研究人员正紧随其后。
美国亚利桑那大学小鼠遗传学研究者Michael Nachman表示:“有了全基因序列和染色体数据,识别物种形成基因工作无疑要比原来容易很多。迄今为止发现的物种形成基因中,什么种类什么功能的都有,恐怕只有发现更多的基因后才能看出其中的趋势。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Science,DOI: 10.1126/science.1163601,Ondrej Mihola,Jiri Forejt
A Mouse Speciation Gene Encodes a Meiotic Histone H3 Methyltransferase
Ondrej Mihola 1, Zdenek Trachtulec 1, Cestmir Vlcek 1, John C. Schimenti 2, Jiri Forejt 1*
1 Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
2 Center for Vertebrate Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T9014A Vet Research Tower, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Speciation genes restrict gene flow between the incipient species and related taxa. Three decades ago, we mapped a mammalian speciation gene, hybrid sterility 1 (Hst1), in the intersubspecific hybrids of house mouse. Here we identify this gene as Prdm9, encoding a histone H3 lysine-4 trimethyltransferase. We rescued infertility in male hybrids with bacterial artificial chromosomes carrying Prdm9 from a strain with the "fertility" Hst1f allele. Sterile hybrids display down-regulated microrchidia 2B (Morc2b) and fail to compartmentalize H2AX into the pachynema sex (XY) body.These defects, seen also in Prdm9 null mutants, are rescued by the Prdm9 transgene. Identification of a vertebrate hybrid sterility gene reveals a role for epigenetics in speciation, and opens a window to a hybrid sterility gene network.
Science,DOI: 10.1126/science.1163934,Nitin Phadni,H. Allen Orr
A Single Gene Causes Both Male Sterility and Segregation Distortion in Drosophila Hybrids
Nitin Phadnis 1* and H. Allen Orr 1
1 Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0211, USA.
A central goal of evolutionary biology is to identify the genes and evolutionary forces that cause speciation, the emergence of reproductive isolation between populations. Despite the identification of several genes that cause hybrid sterility or inviability— many of which have evolved rapidly under positive Darwinian selection—little is known about the ecological or genomic forces that drive the evolution of postzygotic isolation. Here we show that the same gene,Overdrive, causes both male sterility and segregation distortion in F1 hybrids between the Bogota and USA subspecies of Drosophila pseudoobscura. This segregation distorter gene is essential for hybrid sterility, a strong reproductive barrier between these young taxa. Our results suggest that genetic conflict may be an important evolutionary force in speciation.