科学家日前发现了藏在人类体内的控制性别性状的基因,这个基因可以让人类保持住性别特征,但是如果它出现异常,女性身体则有可能长出男性的睾丸及胡子。有专家认为,这项发现不仅打破了传统思维中的“性别与生俱来”的观念,还有望最终为变性手术带来革命,并改善雌雄同体婴儿的治疗。
这项研究论文11日在《细胞》杂志上正式公开发表,挑战了人们关于性别单纯取决于X、Y染色体的观念,因为研究中指出左右性别发展的单一基因FOXL2存在于男女都有的非性别染色体上。该发现也显示,性别可能比先前认为的还容易操纵。
该论文的共同撰稿人、英国国家医学研究院遗传学家洛弗尔·巴格说,该研究挑战了人们将维持与生俱来的性别视为理所当然的教条。“我们总是认为,我们的性别与生俱来,男性长出睾丸,女性长出卵巢是理所当然的。但这次研究显示,成人卵巢之所以不会变成睾丸,全赖基因FOXL2。”
研究人员发现,当雌鼠体内的这种名为FOXL2的基因被关闭后,它们的卵巢就开始变成睾丸,并开始产生健康雄鼠的睾丸素。主持该研究的德国海德堡欧洲分子生物实验室科学家特莱尔说:“我们预期老鼠将停止排卵,然而实情更为震撼。”
研究人员利用基因工程技术关闭了雌鼠的FOXL2,结果卵巢中的卵子皆死亡,最后将成长为卵子的滤泡慢慢地转变成史托利细胞,史托利细胞在睾丸中制造精子。雌鼠由此发展出制造睾丸素的细胞,同时睾丸素浓度升高为原先的一百倍。该实验中的雌鼠与雄鼠的大小、皮毛等外观几无差异,并且除生殖器官产生变化外,没有显示副作用,实验鼠的寿命也正常。
研究人员发现FOXL2基因显然与另一基因SOX9保持着排斥关系。当一种基因启动,另一种则自动关闭。SOX9基因通常只在男性体内活动,当男性的SOX9一旦被开启,FOXL2的活动就遭抑制,并进而终身停顿。这种情况在女性体内刚好相反,FOXL2会最先被启动。学界普遍了解FOXL2对女性维持女儿身与卵巢的成长十分重要,然而科学家并不预期卵巢中的排卵细胞会被SOX9基因吸收,进而发挥男性生育功能。
研究人员认为,该发现离人体应用还有一段很长的路要走,然而这必然带来变性治疗的变革,甚至可能开启非手术变性治疗的先河。到时,变性人将无须终生用药,只需接受短期的基因疗法就行了。(生物谷Bioon.com)
相关研究:
Nature:爬行动物可按温度改变后代性别
PLoS Biology:科学家发现果蝇性别决定新机制
Science:自然选择和性别选择相互作用推动新物种形成
JCI:蛋白修饰可以区分性别
Nature:性别差异与生物多样性的关系
Science :鸟类能够灵活控制后代性别比例
Proc. R. Soc. B :日本海珊瑚虫为适应环境而改变性别
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell, Volume 139, Issue 6, 1130-1142, 11 December 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.021
Somatic Sex Reprogramming of Adult Ovaries to Testes by FOXL2 Ablation
N. Henriette Uhlenhaut1, 7, Susanne Jakob2, Katrin Anlag1, Tobias Eisenberger1, Ryohei Sekido2, Jana Kress1, Anna-Corina Treier1, Claudia Klugmann1, Christian Klasen1, Nadine I. Holter1, Dieter Riethmacher3, Günther Schütz4, Austin J. Cooney5, Robin Lovell-Badge2 and Mathias Treier1, 6, ,
1 Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
2 Division of Developmental Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
3 Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
4 Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
5 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
6 Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
In mammals, the transcription factor SRY, encoded by the Y chromosome, is normally responsible for triggering the indifferent gonads to develop as testes rather than ovaries. However, testis differentiation can occur in its absence. Here we demonstrate in the mouse that a single factor, the forkhead transcriptional regulator FOXL2, is required to prevent transdifferentiation of an adult ovary to a testis. Inducible deletion of Foxl2 in adult ovarian follicles leads to immediate upregulation of testis-specific genes including the critical SRY target gene Sox9. Concordantly, reprogramming of granulosa and theca cell lineages into Sertoli-like and Leydig-like cell lineages occurs with testosterone levels comparable to those of normal XY male littermates. Our results show that maintenance of the ovarian phenotype is an active process throughout life. They might also have important medical implications for the understanding and treatment of some disorders of sexual development in children and premature menopause in women.For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file with the Supplemental Data available online.