2012年8月12日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --8月6日,刊登在国际著名杂志PNAS上的两篇研究报告通过重点研究番木瓜(papaya)来揭示性染色体的进化。研究者表示,番木瓜的性染色体在短期的进化过程中发生了剧烈的改变,人类性染色体进化了超过1亿6千万年,而番木瓜则只进化了700万年。研究者的其中一项研究对比了番木瓜的性染色体和常染色体,另一项研究则对比了X染色体和Y染色体的差别。
研究发现,番木瓜的性染色体主要通过积累重复序列的方式来不断增加其尺寸,于此同时重新自我组装,缺失某些基因。而起Y染色体独立地从常染色体获得基因,Y染色体基因的缺失是有记录的,但是X染色体基因的缺失,尤其是在早期,却是意料不到的。相比X染色体,Y染色体中获得重复序列和缺失基因的速度更快一些。
研究者Andrea表示,这是我们首次揭示性染色体早期阶段的进化,通过人们会关注古老的性染色体,因为其和我们更加相关一些。分析X染色体对于理解性的进化非常重要,在番木瓜中的新发现也揭示了人类X染色体发生的巨大变化,这种改变并不会被检测到,因为遗传的常染色体作为对照不在可用。
由于番木瓜的性染色体比较年轻,可以与常染色体进行对比,因此其可以给出一些关于X和Y染色体进化的一些早期事件。研究番木瓜的染色体是一项非常艰巨的任务,番木瓜有雌性、雄性和雌雄同体三种性型。因为其复杂性促使了番木瓜种植者的很多问题,雌雄同体是番木瓜最具有生产力的性型,而且可以产出最好的水果,但是其后代却不是雌雄同体的。
当研究者对比了X染色体和雌雄同体的Yh染色体(其Y染色体发生了轻微改变)发现,Yh性别决定区域的两种主要序列发生了倒位。第一种发生在700万年以前,另外一种发生在190万年以前,因此会造成后来出现的分化。
研究者的研究发现改变了我们对于X染色体进化的视角,尤其是X染色体的进化。如今我们知道X染色体和Y染色体在进化早期阶段发挥着巨大的变化。并不仅仅是Y染色体发生着变化。(生物谷Bioon.com)
编译自:Examining the early evolution of sex chromosomes
doi:10.1073/pnas.1207833109
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Sequencing papaya X and Yh chromosomes reveals molecular basis of incipient sex chromosome evolution
Jianping Wanga,1,2, Jong-Kuk Naa,1,3, Qingyi Yub,c,1, Andrea R. Gschwenda,1, Jennifer Hana, Fanchang Zenga, Rishi Aryala, Robert VanBurena, Jan E. Murraya, Wenli Zhangd, Rafael Navajas-Péreze,4, F. Alex Feltuse,5, Cornelia Lemkee, Eric J. Tongc, Cuixia Chena,6, Ching Man Waic,f, Ratnesh Singhc, Ming-Li Wangc, Xiang Jia Ming, Maqsudul Alamh, Deborah Charlesworthi, Paul H. Moorec, Jiming Jiangd, Andrew H. Patersone, and Ray Minga,7
Sex determination in papaya is controlled by a recently evolved XY chromosome pair, with two slightly different Y chromosomes controlling the development of males (Y) and hermaphrodites (Yh). To study the events of early sex chromosome evolution, we sequenced the hermaphrodite-specific region of the Yh chromosome (HSY) and its X counterpart, yielding an 8.1-megabase (Mb) HSY pseudomolecule, and a 3.5-Mb sequence for the corresponding X region. The HSY is larger than the X region, mostly due to retrotransposon insertions. The papaya HSY differs from the X region by two large-scale inversions, the first of which likely caused the recombination suppression between the X and Yh chromosomes, followed by numerous additional chromosomal rearrangements. Altogether, including the X and/or HSY regions, 124 transcription units were annotated, including 50 functional pairs present in both the X and HSY. Ten HSY genes had functional homologs elsewhere in the papaya autosomal regions, suggesting movement of genes onto the HSY, whereas the X region had none. Sequence divergence between 70 transcripts shared by the X and HSY revealed two evolutionary strata in the X chromosome, corresponding to the two inversions on the HSY, the older of which evolved about 7.0 million years ago. Gene content differences between the HSY and X are greatest in the older stratum, whereas the gene content and order of the collinear regions are identical. Our findings support theoretical models of early sex chromosome evolution.